Final Lecture 2 Flashcards
What fractions do dogs have
Three fractions: first prostatic, second sperm rich, third prostatic
What might cause the penis to be unable to be extruded?
Persistent frenulum
What motility do you want for dog sperm
70-80% minimal
What morphology do you want for dog sperm
80% minimal
How can you determine the concentration of the semen
Hemacytometer
How can you estimate total sperm? What should it be?
Volume x concentration
Should be around 10 million/pound BW
What does the total sperm depend on
Collector technique
Presence of estrus teaser bitch
Weight/size of the dog
Would it be normal to see WBCs in dog semen?
No
Where should the tail of the epididymis be in the dog
Towards the tail (caudal)
What is aspermia
No ejaculation
What is azoospermia
Ejaculation of fluid without sperm
What is oligospermia
Low number of total sperm
What is teratozoospermia
Decreased percentage of morphologically normal sperm
What is asthenozoospermia
Progressive motility less than 70%
What could cause testicular azoospermia
Intersex animals Germinal cell aplasia Bilateral cryptorchidism Testicular trauma Orchitis Testicular neoplasia Zeuterin (chemical sterilization) as a puppy
How to diagnose azoospermia
Palpation Karyotype Culture of semen Brucella testing Ultrasound Aspiration/biopsy (final stage)
What is a good enzymatic marker for azoospermia
ALP in semen
Less than 5,000 in incomplete ejaculation (azoospermia or obstruction of ejaculatory ducts)
Does oligospermia mean they are infertile
Not necessarily
Causes of oligospermia
Idiopathic Seasonal Neoplasia Prostatic disease Orchitis/ brucella Hypothyroidism Systemic illness- fever Drugs (steroids, estrogen, ketoconazole, chemo)
What abnormalities in teratozoospermia are correlated with infertility
Midpiece attachment
Midpiece ultrastructure
Microcephalic sperm
Proximal droplets
Causes of teratozoospermia
Tumors Orchitis Prostatitis High fever Obesity Abstinence (may improve with ejaculations)
What could cause asthenozoospermia
Anything that causes teratozoospermia
Genetic- primary ciliary dyskinesia
Iatrogenic- mishandling the sample (wrong lube, latex exposure)
What is the only accessory sex gland in the dog
Prostate
Clinical signs of BPH
Asymptomatic Incontinence Tenesmus Ribbon like stool Hematuria Symmetrical enlargement Symmetrical enlargement of prostate but not painful on palpation
How to treat BPH
Castration
Finasteride
Used to be an anti-GnRH vx but not available anymore
Side effect of finasteride
Decreases semen volume but no libido or semen quality
What is secondary to BPH?
Prostatitis
What age group is prostatitis most common in?
Over 9 years old
What clinical signs might you see with chronic/subclinical prostatitis
May have recurrent UTIs Urethral discharge Poor semen quality Hemospermia Infertility Nonpainful on palpation
How to treat prostatitis
Castrate
Acute- iv fluid and antibiotics
Chronic- oral antibiotics for 4-6 weeks minimum
What antibiotics will reach the prostatic tissue
Fluoroquinolones
Trimethoprim sulfa
Chloramphenicol
Who is prostatic neoplasia most common in
Castrated dogs
What prostatic neoplasia is most common
Adenocarcinoma
How is brucella canis transmitted
Oronasal contact with vaginal discharge and aborted materials
Seminal fluid
Urine
Fomites
How often should you screen for brucella
Every 6 months
If you get a positive brucella screening what should you do
Recheck with a reference lab because false positives are common
What should you do if you have a positive brucella dog (after you’ve rechecked the test and it is still positive)
Notify state vet
Isolate
Sterilize
Euthanize/depopulate in some cases
What does sterilization help with a positive brucella dog
Decreases shedding
When are spines present on a toms penis
When testosterone is present
What happens when a tom is castrated
The penile spines atrophy
What problems might arise with a tom repro wise
Penile hair rings causing pain and mating failure Mate preferences Karyotype/intersex issues Cryptorchidism Nutritional testicular degeneration Orchitis FIP
What causes nutritional testicular degeneration/atrophy
Decficiency in riboflavin or EFA linoleate
Deficiency or excess of vitamin A
How can you get semen from a tom
Sedate and use electroejaculation
What clinical signs might you see with acute prostatitis
Painful on palpation Clinically ill- vomiting, fever, abdominal pain Decreased libido Pain on ejaculation Hemospermia
Clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia
Asymmetrically enlarged, firm prostate
May see prostatic calcification
Lung/bone metastasis
Clinical sign of brucellosis- repro
Abortion 45-60 days gestation Conception failure Early embryonic death Testicular atrophy Enlarged epididymides Scrotal edema/dermatitis Abnormal semen morphology
Clinical signs of brucellosis- other systems
Lymphadenomegaly Discospondylitis Lameness Splenomegaly Ocular lesions Meningoencephalitis
How to diagnose brucellosis
Rapid card/ slide agglutination test (RSAT)
Should you breed cryptorchid dogs
no because it is considered a genetic illness
How could you clinically test for a retained testes
GnRH or hcg stimulation tests
AMH test
What is the most common neoplasis for retained testes
Sertoli cell tumor- results in feminization of male
