Final Lecture 2

Question 1

What fractions do dogs have

Answer 1

Three fractions: first prostatic, second sperm rich, third prostatic

Question 2

What might cause the penis to be unable to be extruded?

Answer 2

Persistent frenulum

Question 3

What motility do you want for dog sperm

Answer 3

70-80% minimal

Question 4

What morphology do you want for dog sperm

Answer 4

80% minimal

Question 5

How can you determine the concentration of the semen

Answer 5

Hemacytometer

Question 6

How can you estimate total sperm? What should it be?

Answer 6

Volume x concentration

Should be around 10 million/pound BW

Question 7

What does the total sperm depend on

Answer 7

Collector technique
Presence of estrus teaser bitch
Weight/size of the dog

Question 8

Would it be normal to see WBCs in dog semen?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

Where should the tail of the epididymis be in the dog

Answer 9

Towards the tail (caudal)

Question 10

What is aspermia

Answer 10

No ejaculation

Question 11

What is azoospermia

Answer 11

Ejaculation of fluid without sperm

Question 12

What is oligospermia

Answer 12

Low number of total sperm

Question 13

What is teratozoospermia

Answer 13

Decreased percentage of morphologically normal sperm

Question 14

What is asthenozoospermia

Answer 14

Progressive motility less than 70%

Question 15

What could cause testicular azoospermia

Answer 15

Intersex animals
Germinal cell aplasia
Bilateral cryptorchidism
Testicular trauma
Orchitis
Testicular neoplasia
Zeuterin (chemical sterilization) as a puppy

Question 16

How to diagnose azoospermia

Answer 16

Palpation
Karyotype
Culture of semen
Brucella testing
Ultrasound
Aspiration/biopsy (final stage)

Question 17

What is a good enzymatic marker for azoospermia

Answer 17

ALP in semen

Less than 5,000 in incomplete ejaculation (azoospermia or obstruction of ejaculatory ducts)

Question 18

Does oligospermia mean they are infertile

Answer 18

Not necessarily

Question 19

Causes of oligospermia

Answer 19

Idiopathic
Seasonal
Neoplasia
Prostatic disease
Orchitis/ brucella
Hypothyroidism
Systemic illness- fever
Drugs (steroids, estrogen, ketoconazole, chemo)

Question 20

What abnormalities in teratozoospermia are correlated with infertility

Answer 20

Midpiece attachment
Midpiece ultrastructure
Microcephalic sperm
Proximal droplets

Question 21

Causes of teratozoospermia

Answer 21

Tumors
Orchitis
Prostatitis
High fever
Obesity
Abstinence (may improve with ejaculations)

Question 22

What could cause asthenozoospermia

Answer 22

Anything that causes teratozoospermia
Genetic- primary ciliary dyskinesia
Iatrogenic- mishandling the sample (wrong lube, latex exposure)

Question 23

What is the only accessory sex gland in the dog

Answer 23

Prostate

Question 24

Clinical signs of BPH

Answer 24

Asymptomatic
Incontinence
Tenesmus
Ribbon like stool
Hematuria
Symmetrical enlargement
Symmetrical enlargement of prostate but not painful on palpation

Question 25

How to treat BPH

Answer 25

Castration Finasteride Used to be an anti-GnRH vx but not available anymore

Question 26

Side effect of finasteride

Answer 26

Decreases semen volume but no libido or semen quality

Question 27

What is secondary to BPH?

Answer 27

Prostatitis

Question 28

What age group is prostatitis most common in?

Answer 28

Over 9 years old

Question 29

What clinical signs might you see with chronic/subclinical prostatitis

Answer 29

``` May have recurrent UTIs Urethral discharge Poor semen quality Hemospermia Infertility Nonpainful on palpation ```

Question 30

How to treat prostatitis

Answer 30

Castrate Acute- iv fluid and antibiotics Chronic- oral antibiotics for 4-6 weeks minimum

Question 31

What antibiotics will reach the prostatic tissue

Answer 31

Fluoroquinolones Trimethoprim sulfa Chloramphenicol

Question 32

Who is prostatic neoplasia most common in

Answer 32

Castrated dogs

Question 33

What prostatic neoplasia is most common

Answer 33

Adenocarcinoma

Question 34

How is brucella canis transmitted

Answer 34

Oronasal contact with vaginal discharge and aborted materials Seminal fluid Urine Fomites

Question 35

How often should you screen for brucella

Answer 35

Every 6 months

Question 36

If you get a positive brucella screening what should you do

Answer 36

Recheck with a reference lab because false positives are common

Question 37

What should you do if you have a positive brucella dog (after you’ve rechecked the test and it is still positive)

Answer 37

Notify state vet Isolate Sterilize Euthanize/depopulate in some cases

Question 38

What does sterilization help with a positive brucella dog

Answer 38

Decreases shedding

Question 39

When are spines present on a toms penis

Answer 39

When testosterone is present

Question 40

What happens when a tom is castrated

Answer 40

The penile spines atrophy

Question 41

What problems might arise with a tom repro wise

Answer 41

``` Penile hair rings causing pain and mating failure Mate preferences Karyotype/intersex issues Cryptorchidism Nutritional testicular degeneration Orchitis FIP ```

Question 42

What causes nutritional testicular degeneration/atrophy

Answer 42

Decficiency in riboflavin or EFA linoleate | Deficiency or excess of vitamin A

Question 43

How can you get semen from a tom

Answer 43

Sedate and use electroejaculation

Question 44

What clinical signs might you see with acute prostatitis

Answer 44

``` Painful on palpation Clinically ill- vomiting, fever, abdominal pain Decreased libido Pain on ejaculation Hemospermia ```

Question 45

Clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia

Answer 45

Asymmetrically enlarged, firm prostate May see prostatic calcification Lung/bone metastasis

Question 46

Clinical sign of brucellosis- repro

Answer 46

``` Abortion 45-60 days gestation Conception failure Early embryonic death Testicular atrophy Enlarged epididymides Scrotal edema/dermatitis Abnormal semen morphology ```

Question 47

Clinical signs of brucellosis- other systems

Answer 47

``` Lymphadenomegaly Discospondylitis Lameness Splenomegaly Ocular lesions Meningoencephalitis ```

Question 48

How to diagnose brucellosis

Answer 48

Rapid card/ slide agglutination test (RSAT)

Question 49

Should you breed cryptorchid dogs

Answer 49

no because it is considered a genetic illness

Question 50

How could you clinically test for a retained testes

Answer 50

GnRH or hcg stimulation tests | AMH test

Question 51

What is the most common neoplasis for retained testes

Answer 51

Sertoli cell tumor- results in feminization of male