Lecture 4 Flashcards by Lauren Nykanen

What are some reasons for performing a BSE in horses

Prepurchase exam
Before the breeding season
Problem with breeding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How to classify stallions

Satisfactory breeding prospect
Questionable breeding prospect
Unsatisfactory breeding prospect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is necessary minimums for a stallion to be satisfactory breeding prospect

Two scrotal testes
Free of venereal pathogens
60% progressively motile sperm
60% morphologically normal sperm
1 billion progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm in second ejaculate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does it mean if a stallion passes BSE?

He can successfully inseminate 40 mares naturally, and 120 mares through AI per breeding season

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the modified interpretation?

Consider the horse’s job
Consider the proposed book size
Frequency of breeding
Transported semen program

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the BSE consist of?

History and ID
PE
Sexual behavior
Swabs for bacterial culture
Semen collection and evaluation
Genital examination
Blood and semen for equine viral arteritis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do you need to know for history?

Athletic background
Physical health
Breeding history (program type, pregnancy rates, management)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the physical exam consist of

ID
TPR
Eyes
Legs
Mouth
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
BCS
Possible heritable conditions
Repro tract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some possible heritable conditions?

Parrot mouth
Wobbler
Cryptorcidism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some penile abnormalities with the stallion

Trauma
Paraphimosis (inability to retract penis)
Penile paralysis (penis is flaccid)
Priapism (persistent penile erection)
Tumors (SCC)
Habronemiasis
Infections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can cause paraphimosis

Trauma
Inflammation
Phenothiazine tranquilizers like acepromazine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How to treat paraphimosis

Replace penis into prepucial cavity
Hydrotherapy
Massage
Local ointments
Antibiotics
NSAIDs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How to distinguish between habronemiasis and SCC

Biopsy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do you need to take swabs from pre-wash?

Prepuce
Body of penis
Fossa glandis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do you need to take a swab from post-wash?

Urethra

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What swab should you take post-ejaculation

Urethra

What bacterial agents cause venereal diseases in stallions

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Taylorella equigenitalis (causes CEM)

How many semen samples should you get?

2 samples about 1 hour apart

How many sperm should be in the second ejaculation compared to the first?

Half the number of what was in the first ejaculate should be in the second ejaculate

What are some methods to collect semen?

Artificial vagina
Condom
Manual stimulation
Pharmacologically induced

What mount sources can you use?

Jump mare

Phantom mare

What to look for during the semen evaluation?

Volume
Color
PH
Motility
Concentration
Morphology

What is the color of normal sperm

Low fat milk

How can you determine the number of sperm per 1 mL

Hemocytometer
Spectrophotometer
Nucleocounter

How to calculate total sperm number

Volume (mL) x concentration (10^6 sperm/mL)

What does the total sperm number depend on?

Testicular volume | Total scrotal width (NOT circumference like in bulls)

What can cause an enlarged scrotum?

``` Torsion of spermatic cord Inguinal/scrotal hernia Testicular tumor Orchitis/periorchitis Hydrocoele ```

What would torsion of spermatic cord cause?

If it is less than 180 degrees, won’t see clinical signs but will see the tail of the epididymis is no longer caudally located If more than 180 degrees, will see severe colic, scrotal swelling, testicular ischemia, negative effects on contralateral testis

How to treat torsion of spermatic cord?

Surgery

What sex glands do the stallion have?

Ampulla Vesicular gland Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland

What will you see with an occluded ampullae?

Azoospermia | If sperm are present, large number of tailess sperm heads

How to diagnose occluded ampullae?

Rectal palpation and ultrasound

How to treat occluded ampullae

Manual massage per rectum Administration of oxytocin before ejaculation Frequent ejacution

What can cause seminal vesiculitis

Bacteria such as klebsiella, pseudomonas, S. Zooepidemicus

Clinical signs of seminal vesiculitis

Infertility Poor semen quality Pyospermia Hemospermia

How to diagnose seminal vesiculitis

Clinical signs Inflammatory cells in semen Positive culture results +/- urethroscopy

How to treat seminal vesiculitis

``` Endoscopic lavage of vesicular glands Endoscopic infusion of antibiotics into vesicular glands lumen Systemic antiobiotics (enrofloxacin) ```

What does BSE not measure?

Actual fertility *BSE measures potential only

When are the BSE results valid?

The day of exam only