Lecture 4 Flashcards
What are some reasons for performing a BSE in horses
Prepurchase exam
Before the breeding season
Problem with breeding
How to classify stallions
Satisfactory breeding prospect
Questionable breeding prospect
Unsatisfactory breeding prospect
What is necessary minimums for a stallion to be satisfactory breeding prospect
Two scrotal testes Free of venereal pathogens 60% progressively motile sperm 60% morphologically normal sperm 1 billion progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm in second ejaculate
What does it mean if a stallion passes BSE?
He can successfully inseminate 40 mares naturally, and 120 mares through AI per breeding season
What is the modified interpretation?
Consider the horse’s job
Consider the proposed book size
Frequency of breeding
Transported semen program
What does the BSE consist of?
History and ID PE Sexual behavior Swabs for bacterial culture Semen collection and evaluation Genital examination Blood and semen for equine viral arteritis
What do you need to know for history?
Athletic background
Physical health
Breeding history (program type, pregnancy rates, management)
What does the physical exam consist of
ID TPR Eyes Legs Mouth Respiratory system Cardiovascular system BCS Possible heritable conditions Repro tract
What are some possible heritable conditions?
Parrot mouth
Wobbler
Cryptorcidism
What are some penile abnormalities with the stallion
Trauma Paraphimosis (inability to retract penis) Penile paralysis (penis is flaccid) Priapism (persistent penile erection) Tumors (SCC) Habronemiasis Infections
What can cause paraphimosis
Trauma
Inflammation
Phenothiazine tranquilizers like acepromazine
How to treat paraphimosis
Replace penis into prepucial cavity Hydrotherapy Massage Local ointments Antibiotics NSAIDs
How to distinguish between habronemiasis and SCC
Biopsy
Where do you need to take swabs from pre-wash?
Prepuce
Body of penis
Fossa glandis
Where do you need to take a swab from post-wash?
Urethra
What swab should you take post-ejaculation
Urethra
What bacterial agents cause venereal diseases in stallions
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Taylorella equigenitalis (causes CEM)
How many semen samples should you get?
2 samples about 1 hour apart
How many sperm should be in the second ejaculation compared to the first?
Half the number of what was in the first ejaculate should be in the second ejaculate
What are some methods to collect semen?
Artificial vagina
Condom
Manual stimulation
Pharmacologically induced
What mount sources can you use?
Jump mare
Phantom mare
What to look for during the semen evaluation?
Volume Color PH Motility Concentration Morphology
What is the color of normal sperm
Low fat milk
How can you determine the number of sperm per 1 mL
Hemocytometer
Spectrophotometer
Nucleocounter
How to calculate total sperm number
Volume (mL) x concentration (10^6 sperm/mL)
What does the total sperm number depend on?
Testicular volume
Total scrotal width (NOT circumference like in bulls)
What can cause an enlarged scrotum?
Torsion of spermatic cord Inguinal/scrotal hernia Testicular tumor Orchitis/periorchitis Hydrocoele
What would torsion of spermatic cord cause?
If it is less than 180 degrees, won’t see clinical signs but will see the tail of the epididymis is no longer caudally located
If more than 180 degrees, will see severe colic, scrotal swelling, testicular ischemia, negative effects on contralateral testis
How to treat torsion of spermatic cord?
Surgery
What sex glands do the stallion have?
Ampulla
Vesicular gland
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
What will you see with an occluded ampullae?
Azoospermia
If sperm are present, large number of tailess sperm heads
How to diagnose occluded ampullae?
Rectal palpation and ultrasound
How to treat occluded ampullae
Manual massage per rectum
Administration of oxytocin before ejaculation
Frequent ejacution
What can cause seminal vesiculitis
Bacteria such as klebsiella, pseudomonas, S. Zooepidemicus
Clinical signs of seminal vesiculitis
Infertility
Poor semen quality
Pyospermia
Hemospermia
How to diagnose seminal vesiculitis
Clinical signs
Inflammatory cells in semen
Positive culture results
+/- urethroscopy
How to treat seminal vesiculitis
Endoscopic lavage of vesicular glands Endoscopic infusion of antibiotics into vesicular glands lumen Systemic antiobiotics (enrofloxacin)
What does BSE not measure?
Actual fertility
*BSE measures potential only
When are the BSE results valid?
The day of exam only
