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Theriogenology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some reasons for performing a BSE in horses

A

Prepurchase exam
Before the breeding season
Problem with breeding

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2
Q

How to classify stallions

A

Satisfactory breeding prospect
Questionable breeding prospect
Unsatisfactory breeding prospect

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3
Q

What is necessary minimums for a stallion to be satisfactory breeding prospect

A 
Two scrotal testes
Free of venereal pathogens
60% progressively motile sperm
60% morphologically normal sperm
1 billion progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm in second ejaculate
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4
Q

What does it mean if a stallion passes BSE?

A

He can successfully inseminate 40 mares naturally, and 120 mares through AI per breeding season

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5
Q

What is the modified interpretation?

A

Consider the horse’s job
Consider the proposed book size
Frequency of breeding
Transported semen program

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6
Q

What does the BSE consist of?

A 
History and ID
PE
Sexual behavior
Swabs for bacterial culture
Semen collection and evaluation
Genital examination
Blood and semen for equine viral arteritis
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7
Q

What do you need to know for history?

A

Athletic background
Physical health
Breeding history (program type, pregnancy rates, management)

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8
Q

What does the physical exam consist of

A 
ID
TPR
Eyes
Legs
Mouth
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
BCS
Possible heritable conditions
Repro tract
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9
Q

What are some possible heritable conditions?

A

Parrot mouth
Wobbler
Cryptorcidism

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10
Q

What are some penile abnormalities with the stallion

A 
Trauma
Paraphimosis (inability to retract penis)
Penile paralysis (penis is flaccid)
Priapism (persistent penile erection)
Tumors (SCC)
Habronemiasis
Infections
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11
Q

What can cause paraphimosis

A

Trauma
Inflammation
Phenothiazine tranquilizers like acepromazine

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12
Q

How to treat paraphimosis

A 
Replace penis into prepucial cavity
Hydrotherapy
Massage
Local ointments
Antibiotics
NSAIDs
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13
Q

How to distinguish between habronemiasis and SCC

A

Biopsy

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14
Q

Where do you need to take swabs from pre-wash?

A

Prepuce
Body of penis
Fossa glandis

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15
Q

Where do you need to take a swab from post-wash?

A

Urethra

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16
Q

What swab should you take post-ejaculation

A

Urethra

17
Q

What bacterial agents cause venereal diseases in stallions

A 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Taylorella equigenitalis (causes CEM)
18
Q

How many semen samples should you get?

A

2 samples about 1 hour apart

19
Q

How many sperm should be in the second ejaculation compared to the first?

A

Half the number of what was in the first ejaculate should be in the second ejaculate

20
Q

What are some methods to collect semen?

A

Artificial vagina
Condom
Manual stimulation
Pharmacologically induced

21
Q

What mount sources can you use?

A

Jump mare

Phantom mare

22
Q

What to look for during the semen evaluation?

A 
Volume
Color
PH
Motility
Concentration
Morphology
23
Q

What is the color of normal sperm

A

Low fat milk

24
Q

How can you determine the number of sperm per 1 mL

A

Hemocytometer
Spectrophotometer
Nucleocounter

25
Q

How to calculate total sperm number

A

Volume (mL) x concentration (10^6 sperm/mL)

26
Q

What does the total sperm number depend on?

A

Testicular volume

Total scrotal width (NOT circumference like in bulls)

27
Q

What can cause an enlarged scrotum?

A 
Torsion of spermatic cord
Inguinal/scrotal hernia
Testicular tumor
Orchitis/periorchitis
Hydrocoele
28
Q

What would torsion of spermatic cord cause?

A

If it is less than 180 degrees, won’t see clinical signs but will see the tail of the epididymis is no longer caudally located

If more than 180 degrees, will see severe colic, scrotal swelling, testicular ischemia, negative effects on contralateral testis

29
Q

How to treat torsion of spermatic cord?

A

Surgery

30
Q

What sex glands do the stallion have?

A

Ampulla
Vesicular gland
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

31
Q

What will you see with an occluded ampullae?

A

Azoospermia

If sperm are present, large number of tailess sperm heads

32
Q

How to diagnose occluded ampullae?

A

Rectal palpation and ultrasound

33
Q

How to treat occluded ampullae

A

Manual massage per rectum
Administration of oxytocin before ejaculation
Frequent ejacution

34
Q

What can cause seminal vesiculitis

A

Bacteria such as klebsiella, pseudomonas, S. Zooepidemicus

35
Q

Clinical signs of seminal vesiculitis

A

Infertility
Poor semen quality
Pyospermia
Hemospermia

36
Q

How to diagnose seminal vesiculitis

A

Clinical signs
Inflammatory cells in semen
Positive culture results
+/- urethroscopy

37
Q

How to treat seminal vesiculitis

A 
Endoscopic lavage of vesicular glands
Endoscopic infusion of antibiotics into vesicular glands lumen
Systemic antiobiotics (enrofloxacin)
38
Q

What does BSE not measure?

A

Actual fertility

*BSE measures potential only

39
Q

When are the BSE results valid?

A

The day of exam only

Theriogenology (19 decks)

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