Final Lecture 10

Question 1

How are camelids usually bred

Answer 1

Natural breeding- rotate among males because 24/7 exposure to females lowers libido

AI isn’t commonly used

Question 2

If you do want to AI, what should you see first on US

Answer 2

Follicle that is at least 7 mm and growing

Question 3

How can you induce ovulation

Answer 3

Vasectomized male
GnRH
HCG
Seminal plasma injection (IM)

Question 4

What can you inseminate

Answer 4

22-24 hours after induction of ovulation of within 2 hours ovulation detected

Question 5

Indirect method of diagnosing pregnancy

Answer 5

Behavioral refusal to male

Progesterone assay

Question 6

Direct method of diagnosing pregnancy

Answer 6

Rectal palpation

US

Question 7

What should P4 be if she is pregnant

Answer 7

Greater than 1 mg/mL at 21 days post breeding

Question 8

When can you diagnose pregnancy through rectal palpation in camelids

Answer 8

35 or more days after breeding/ovulation

Question 9

How early can you detect pregnancy through ultrasound in camelids

Answer 9

Transrectally- 12-16 days

Transabdominally- 60 days (left side)

Question 10

How to induce parturition

Answer 10

Very low doses of Prostaglandin, NOT steroids (will kill them)

Question 11

What developmental abnormalities might cause female infertility

Answer 11

Segmental aplasia
Double cervix
Double uterus- didephia
Persistent hymen

Question 12

What ovarian abnormalities might cause female infertility

Answer 12

Hypoplasia
Cystic follices- most common
Hemorrhagic follicles
Neoplasia

Question 13

What uterine abnormalities might cause female infertility

Answer 13

Bacterial endometritis
Metritis
Uterine scarring (fibrosis)
Cystic glandular distension

Question 14

Most common organisms causing endometritis

Answer 14

Strep
E col
Staph
Bacillus
Bacterioides
Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 15

What can you diagnose with vaginoscopy

Answer 15

Vaginitis
Cervicitis
Cervical tears
Etc

Question 16

What can you diagnose with hysteroscopy

Answer 16

Adhesions
Endometritis
Cysts
Tumors

Question 17

What can you see on endometrial biopsy

Answer 17

Endometritis
Periglandular fibrosis
Cystic gland distension

Question 18

How to treat ovarian cysts

Answer 18

Sexual rest

Question 19

How to treat hemorrhagic follice

Answer 19

No treatment needed

Question 20

How to treat neoplasia

Answer 20

Surgery

Question 21

How to treat endometritis due to bacteria

Answer 21

Uterine lavage and infusion of antibiotics

Question 22

What testicular abnormalities might the male have

Answer 22

Hypoplasia
Degeneration
Cryptochoridism
Orchitis
Hydrocele
Neoplasia

Question 23

What penile abnormalities might the male have

Answer 23

Prepucial stricture
Persistent frenulum
Corkscrew penis
Penile deviation
Balanitis, posthitis

Question 24

Is preg loss common in camelids

Answer 24

Yes very common less than 90 days

Question 25

What are non infectious causes of embryo/fetal loss

Answer 25

Twins Nutrition Pine needles Stress

Question 26

What are infectious causes of embryonic/fetal loss

Answer 26

``` Lepto Chamydophila Neosporosis Toxoplasmosis Listeriosis A. Pyogenes Ascending placentitis ```

Question 27

What are periparturient problems

Answer 27

Uterine torsion Dystocia Retained fetal membranes

Question 28

When do most uterine torsions occur

Answer 28

After 335 day of gestaion

Question 29

How to diagnose uterine torsion

Answer 29

Vaginal speculum exam- if torsion is caudal to the cervix Palpation per rectum to feel deviation of broad ligament

Question 30

Main causes of dystocia

Answer 30

Lateral flexion of head | Posterior presentation and dorsopubic position

Question 31

When should you intervene

Answer 31

If stage 1 lasts more than 6 hours | If stage 2 lasts more than 2 hours

Question 32

Talk about RFM in camelids

Answer 32

Rarely clinically significant | Can administer oxytocin and uterine lavage