Final Lecture 10 Flashcards
How are camelids usually bred
Natural breeding- rotate among males because 24/7 exposure to females lowers libido
AI isn’t commonly used
If you do want to AI, what should you see first on US
Follicle that is at least 7 mm and growing
How can you induce ovulation
Vasectomized male
GnRH
HCG
Seminal plasma injection (IM)
What can you inseminate
22-24 hours after induction of ovulation of within 2 hours ovulation detected
Indirect method of diagnosing pregnancy
Behavioral refusal to male
Progesterone assay
Direct method of diagnosing pregnancy
Rectal palpation
US
What should P4 be if she is pregnant
Greater than 1 mg/mL at 21 days post breeding
When can you diagnose pregnancy through rectal palpation in camelids
35 or more days after breeding/ovulation
How early can you detect pregnancy through ultrasound in camelids
Transrectally- 12-16 days
Transabdominally- 60 days (left side)
How to induce parturition
Very low doses of Prostaglandin, NOT steroids (will kill them)
What developmental abnormalities might cause female infertility
Segmental aplasia
Double cervix
Double uterus- didephia
Persistent hymen
What ovarian abnormalities might cause female infertility
Hypoplasia
Cystic follices- most common
Hemorrhagic follicles
Neoplasia
What uterine abnormalities might cause female infertility
Bacterial endometritis
Metritis
Uterine scarring (fibrosis)
Cystic glandular distension
Most common organisms causing endometritis
Strep E col Staph Bacillus Bacterioides Fusobacterium necrophorum
What can you diagnose with vaginoscopy
Vaginitis
Cervicitis
Cervical tears
Etc
What can you diagnose with hysteroscopy
Adhesions
Endometritis
Cysts
Tumors
What can you see on endometrial biopsy
Endometritis
Periglandular fibrosis
Cystic gland distension
How to treat ovarian cysts
Sexual rest
How to treat hemorrhagic follice
No treatment needed
How to treat neoplasia
Surgery
How to treat endometritis due to bacteria
Uterine lavage and infusion of antibiotics
What testicular abnormalities might the male have
Hypoplasia Degeneration Cryptochoridism Orchitis Hydrocele Neoplasia
What penile abnormalities might the male have
Prepucial stricture Persistent frenulum Corkscrew penis Penile deviation Balanitis, posthitis
Is preg loss common in camelids
Yes very common less than 90 days
What are non infectious causes of embryo/fetal loss
Twins
Nutrition
Pine needles
Stress
What are infectious causes of embryonic/fetal loss
Lepto Chamydophila Neosporosis Toxoplasmosis Listeriosis A. Pyogenes Ascending placentitis
What are periparturient problems
Uterine torsion
Dystocia
Retained fetal membranes
When do most uterine torsions occur
After 335 day of gestaion
How to diagnose uterine torsion
Vaginal speculum exam- if torsion is caudal to the cervix
Palpation per rectum to feel deviation of broad ligament
Main causes of dystocia
Lateral flexion of head
Posterior presentation and dorsopubic position
When should you intervene
If stage 1 lasts more than 6 hours
If stage 2 lasts more than 2 hours
Talk about RFM in camelids
Rarely clinically significant
Can administer oxytocin and uterine lavage
