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Theriogenology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is our role as the vet during equine pregnancy?

A 
Early diagnosis of pregnancy
Monitoring embryonic development
Sexing the fetus
Monitor wellbeing of fetus
Diagnose problems
Monitor effects of treatment
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2
Q

What are some methods for pregnancy diagnosis

A 
Behavioral assessment
Vaginal speculum exam
Transrectal palpation
Transrectal ultrasonography
Hormonal assays
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3
Q

Behavioral assessment

A

Is the mare coming back into heat?

Very non-specific

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4
Q

Vaginal speculum exam

A

Examine external cervical os

Progesterone= long, tight, pale, dry

Nonspecific and not commonly used because if the mare is pregnant you don’t want to put speculum in the vagina

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5
Q

Transrectal palpation

A

Rapid
Economical
Useful at all stages

Easy to make mistakes

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6
Q

US diagnosis of pregnancy

A

As early as 9 days post ovulation

Done routinely at 14 days post partum

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7
Q

Hormonal assays

A

Progesterone- 18 to 21 days after ovulation

Ecg- 36 to 120 days of gestation

Estrogens- after day 60

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8
Q

What does progesterone at 18 to 21 days mean?

A

Pregnant, persistent CL, early embryonic death

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9
Q

What does eCG at 36-120 days gestation?

A

Pregnancy or persistent endometrial cups

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10
Q

What does estrogen after day 60 indicate?

A

Fetal viability

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11
Q

What are you looking for during palpation when diagnosing pregnancy?

A

Done 14-18 days

Good tone in tubular tract
Distinct uterine bifurcation
Active ovaries
Tightly closed cervix

Can give many false positives

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12
Q

What will you see on US when diagnosing pregnancy?

A

Perfectly round embryonic vesicle

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13
Q

When and how can you diagnose twins

A

Ultrasound in day 14-16 gestation

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14
Q

How to manage equine twins?

When is the best time?

A

Manual embryo crush

Day 16-17 (mobile phase)

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15
Q

Which embryo should you crush in the case of twins?

A

Always the one that is in the better position for you to get to

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16
Q

What will you see on US at day 17-18

A

The embryo changes shape from perfectly round to triangular (guitar pick)

Slight uterine edema

17
Q

What will you feel on palpation from day 20-25?

US at day 20-25?

A

Toned uterus
Narrow, elongated cervix

Guitar pick to irregular shape, embryo proper by day 21, heartbeat by day 24

18
Q

What membrane is being formed at day 25?

A

Allantois

19
Q

What will you feel on transrectal palpation on day 30-35?

US on days 30-35?

A

Toned uterus
Narrow, elongated cervix
A bulge at the base of uterine horn

Regression of yolk sac
Dorsal migration of embryo (~half way up embryo)
Development of fetal membranes

20
Q

Where is the embryo proper at day 35?

A

All the way at the top of the embryonic vesicle

21
Q

What are some things that cause early embryonic death?

A

Uterine edema
No embryo proper
No heart beat
Collapsing vesicle

22
Q

What will you feel at day 35-40?

See on US?

A

Good uterine tone
Narrow, elongated cervix
Tennis ball shaped bulge

Transition from embryo to fetus (organogenesis is completed)
Formation and attachment of umbilical cord
Migration of fetus ventrally

23
Q

Describe the migration of the embryo

A 
Embryo begins at the bottom
About halfway up at day 30
All the way up at day 35
Half way down at day 40
All down at day 45
24
Q

What will you feel at day 45-50?

See on US?

A

Same thing with uterus and cervix as before
Softball size bulge

Elongation of umbilical cord
Further migration of the fetus ventrally

25
Q

What happens if you realize you have twins after day 40?

A

This is after endometrial cups have formed…so mare won’t cycle until day 120 even if you abort the fetuses

26
Q

What can you do to management fetal twins after day 40?

A

Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration

Very low success rate

27
Q

What will you feel at day 60-65?

A

Less tone in gravid horn and more tone in non-gravid horn
Vesicle is expanding into the uterine body
Child size football shape

28
Q

How to manage twins at day 60-110?

A

Cranio-cervical dislocation through flank incision

29
Q

How to identify gender?

A

Use the gender tubercle- is in the back (female) or more cranial (male)

30
Q

What do you feel at day 75-120?

A 
Uterus is pulled ventrally and ovaries are at midline
Basketball shape (need to differentiate from bladder by following the cervix)

Difficult to image transrectally at this stage

31
Q

How to manage twins at day 110-150?

A

Transabdominal ultrasound guided cardiac injection with KCl or procain penicillin

32
Q

What is going on at day 150-200?

A

Uterine descent is complete
Fetal ballottment is consistent
Best approach is transabdominal US

33
Q

What should you be monitoring late gestation?

A 
Transrectal US:
Fetal orbit (fetal age)
Placenta (integrity and thickness)
Fetal fluids (echogenicity)

Transabdominal US:
Fetal HR
Fetal fluids
Placenta

34
Q

If you measure combined thickness of uterus and placenta and/or see separation between the fetal membrane and the uterus, what are you thinking?

A

Ascending placentitis

Theriogenology (19 decks)

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