Final Lecture 8 Flashcards
What is a major cause of reduced fertility in rams?
What types are there?
Epididymitis
Lamb and ram
What causes lamb epididymitis?
Clinical signs?
Opportunistic bacteria like actinobacillus seminis or histophilus somni
Enlarged, painful scrotum
How to diagnose lamb epididymitis?
Treatment?
Prevention?
Diagnosis- scrotal palpation, leukocytes in semen
Treatment- cull :(
Prevention- separate ram lambs from adults, periodic scrotal exams, tetracyclines in feed
What causes ram epididymitis
How is it transmitted?
Brucella ovis
Transmitted orally, venereally, semen and urine
What does ram epididymitis cause
Decreased fertility but still fertile
How to diagnose ram epididymitis
Palpation- 30-45 days post infection, unilateral swollen, tender, hot testes
Semen- detached heads, WBCs
Serum elisa
Semen culture
How to control ram epididymitits
Reportable disease in some states
Cull and replace affected animals
There is a vx but it is not affected
What is balanoposthitis
Inflammation of glans penis caused by corynebacterium renale, high protein diet, high urinary urea content
*more common in sheep than goats
How to treat/prevent balanoposthitis
Debridement, antibiotic ointment, clean bedding
Prevent by feeding lower protein content
False pregnancy of goats
Accumulation of uterine fluid; etiology not quite known
Clinical signs of false pregnancy of goats
Absence of cyclicity
Abdominal enlargement
NO signs of illness
How to diagnose false pregnancy in goats
Elevated P4 with no pregnancy
Negative bioPRYN/estrone sulfate
No fetus/placentomes on US
How to treat false pregnancy in goats
May spontaneously resolve
Prostaglandins
Oxytocin
What are some periparturient problems in small ruminants
Pregnancy toxemia Vaginal prolapse Hypocalcemia Ringwomb Dystocia Retained placenta
What causes pregnancy toxemia
Inadequate nutrition during late gestation resulting in NEB
Start using fat as an energy source —> impaired liver function and ketone bodies
Clinical signs on pregnancy toxemia
No appetite Depression/lethargy Muscular imbalance Grinding of teeth Sweet/foul smelling breath Death
How to diagnose pregnancy toxemia
History and clinical signs
Lab- hypoglycemia, ketonuria, acidosis, dehydration, liver failure
How to treat pregnancy toxemia
PO propylene glycol IV glucose/dextrose Insulin B vitamins Induction of labor or C section
*prevent with good nutrition
Describe vaginal prolapse
Happens late gestation, caused by rising estrogens, high likelihood of recurrence, cull affected animals
How to treat vaginal prolapse
Caudal epidural anesthesia
Clean and reduce prolapse
Antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis
Retention (ewe saver, Buhner suture, prolapse pin)
When do hypocalcemia occur?
Late gestation, heavy lactation, forced exercise
Clinical signs of hypocalcemia?
Treatment?
Recumbency and dyspnea
Treat with calcium IV slowly
What is ringwomb
Failure of cervical dilation- cause unknown
Clinical signs of ring womb
Dystocia
Management of ring womb
C section
Cull affected females
When to intervene during dystocia
30-30-30 rule
Wait 30 minutes once kidding started, then check female. If all ok, wait another 30 minutes before assisting. If one kid comes, wait 30 minutes for next kid.
What are the most common positional causes for dystocia
Lateral flexion of head
Carpal or elbow flexion
How long should you wait for fetal membranes before you think they might be retained
12-18 hours or more
How to treat RFM
Usually not necessary
If systemically ill, use antibiotics and prostaglandins
When there is an abortion, what should you send to the lab
History, maternal serum and whole blood, entire fetus if possible.
if can’t send entire fetus, then send fresh and formalin preserved samples of fetal organs, placenta, fetal heart blood, fetal abomasal contents (because it is a sterile source of amniotic fluid)
How to diagnose toxoplasmosis
Gross examination of placenta- white necrotic foci in cotyledons but intercodyledonary space is normal
How to prevent toxoplasmosis
Avoid the cats! Oocytes live in feline feces
What causes enzootic abortion of ewes
Chlamydophila abortus
How to diagnose enzootic abortion of ewes
Placenta- cotyledons and intercodyledonary space are thick and necrotic
Fetus- petechiae, congested livers with focal necrosis, enlarged lymph nodes
Culture for definitive diagnosis
What is another organism that causes abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs, and premature births
Campylobacter jejuni and fetus
What are some viral organisms that cause abortion in small ruminants and what are some other symptoms they cause
Bluetongue virus- hydranencephaly
Border disease (Sheep)- hairy fleece, cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly
Cache valley virus (sheep)- hydranencephaly, arthrogryposis, hypoplastic cerebellum and muscles
Akabane virus (goats and sheep)- arthrogryposis
What does veratrum calfornicum plant cause
Cyclopia
Hypoplasia of metacarpals and metatarsals
Long gestation
Cleft palate
What does locoweed, lupine, and sudan cause
Arthrogryposis
