Final Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a major cause of reduced fertility in rams?

What types are there?

A

Epididymitis

Lamb and ram

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2
Q

What causes lamb epididymitis?

Clinical signs?

A

Opportunistic bacteria like actinobacillus seminis or histophilus somni

Enlarged, painful scrotum

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3
Q

How to diagnose lamb epididymitis?
Treatment?
Prevention?

A

Diagnosis- scrotal palpation, leukocytes in semen

Treatment- cull :(

Prevention- separate ram lambs from adults, periodic scrotal exams, tetracyclines in feed

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4
Q

What causes ram epididymitis

How is it transmitted?

A

Brucella ovis

Transmitted orally, venereally, semen and urine

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5
Q

What does ram epididymitis cause

A

Decreased fertility but still fertile

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6
Q

How to diagnose ram epididymitis

A

Palpation- 30-45 days post infection, unilateral swollen, tender, hot testes

Semen- detached heads, WBCs

Serum elisa

Semen culture

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7
Q

How to control ram epididymitits

A

Reportable disease in some states
Cull and replace affected animals

There is a vx but it is not affected

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8
Q

What is balanoposthitis

A

Inflammation of glans penis caused by corynebacterium renale, high protein diet, high urinary urea content

*more common in sheep than goats

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9
Q

How to treat/prevent balanoposthitis

A

Debridement, antibiotic ointment, clean bedding

Prevent by feeding lower protein content

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10
Q

False pregnancy of goats

A

Accumulation of uterine fluid; etiology not quite known

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11
Q

Clinical signs of false pregnancy of goats

A

Absence of cyclicity
Abdominal enlargement
NO signs of illness

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12
Q

How to diagnose false pregnancy in goats

A

Elevated P4 with no pregnancy
Negative bioPRYN/estrone sulfate
No fetus/placentomes on US

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13
Q

How to treat false pregnancy in goats

A

May spontaneously resolve
Prostaglandins
Oxytocin

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14
Q

What are some periparturient problems in small ruminants

A
Pregnancy toxemia
Vaginal prolapse
Hypocalcemia
Ringwomb
Dystocia
Retained placenta
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15
Q

What causes pregnancy toxemia

A

Inadequate nutrition during late gestation resulting in NEB

Start using fat as an energy source —> impaired liver function and ketone bodies

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16
Q

Clinical signs on pregnancy toxemia

A
No appetite
Depression/lethargy
Muscular imbalance
Grinding of teeth
Sweet/foul smelling breath
Death
17
Q

How to diagnose pregnancy toxemia

A

History and clinical signs

Lab- hypoglycemia, ketonuria, acidosis, dehydration, liver failure

18
Q

How to treat pregnancy toxemia

A
PO propylene glycol
IV glucose/dextrose
Insulin
B vitamins
Induction of labor or C section

*prevent with good nutrition

19
Q

Describe vaginal prolapse

A

Happens late gestation, caused by rising estrogens, high likelihood of recurrence, cull affected animals

20
Q

How to treat vaginal prolapse

A

Caudal epidural anesthesia
Clean and reduce prolapse
Antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis
Retention (ewe saver, Buhner suture, prolapse pin)

21
Q

When do hypocalcemia occur?

A

Late gestation, heavy lactation, forced exercise

22
Q

Clinical signs of hypocalcemia?

Treatment?

A

Recumbency and dyspnea

Treat with calcium IV slowly

23
Q

What is ringwomb

A

Failure of cervical dilation- cause unknown

24
Q

Clinical signs of ring womb

25
Management of ring womb
C section | Cull affected females
26
When to intervene during dystocia
30-30-30 rule Wait 30 minutes once kidding started, then check female. If all ok, wait another 30 minutes before assisting. If one kid comes, wait 30 minutes for next kid.
27
What are the most common positional causes for dystocia
Lateral flexion of head | Carpal or elbow flexion
28
How long should you wait for fetal membranes before you think they might be retained
12-18 hours or more
29
How to treat RFM
Usually not necessary If systemically ill, use antibiotics and prostaglandins
30
When there is an abortion, what should you send to the lab
History, maternal serum and whole blood, entire fetus if possible. if can’t send entire fetus, then send fresh and formalin preserved samples of fetal organs, placenta, fetal heart blood, fetal abomasal contents (because it is a sterile source of amniotic fluid)
31
How to diagnose toxoplasmosis
Gross examination of placenta- white necrotic foci in cotyledons but intercodyledonary space is normal
32
How to prevent toxoplasmosis
Avoid the cats! Oocytes live in feline feces
33
What causes enzootic abortion of ewes
Chlamydophila abortus
34
How to diagnose enzootic abortion of ewes
Placenta- cotyledons and intercodyledonary space are thick and necrotic Fetus- petechiae, congested livers with focal necrosis, enlarged lymph nodes Culture for definitive diagnosis
35
What is another organism that causes abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs, and premature births
Campylobacter jejuni and fetus
36
What are some viral organisms that cause abortion in small ruminants and what are some other symptoms they cause
Bluetongue virus- hydranencephaly Border disease (Sheep)- hairy fleece, cerebellar hypoplasia, hydranencephaly Cache valley virus (sheep)- hydranencephaly, arthrogryposis, hypoplastic cerebellum and muscles Akabane virus (goats and sheep)- arthrogryposis
37
What does veratrum calfornicum plant cause
Cyclopia Hypoplasia of metacarpals and metatarsals Long gestation Cleft palate
38
What does locoweed, lupine, and sudan cause
Arthrogryposis