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Theriogenology > Final Labs > Flashcards

Final Labs Flashcards

1
Q

How to process fresh semen

A

Collect
Evaluate
Mix with extender that contains antibiotic
Inseminate mare within 2-4 hours after collection

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2
Q

How to process extended/cooled semen

A

Test semen with various extenders before the semen
Collect and evaluate
Mix with extender (ratio of semen to extender 1:4)
Place in cooling container
Inseminate mare within 48 hours after collection

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3
Q

How to process frozen semen

A 
Test semen in various freezing extender
Collect and evaluate
Mix with freezing extender
Package semen in straws
Freeze semen and store in liquid nitrogen
Thaw semen and use when needed
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4
Q

What should you do to grossly evaluate semen

A

Volume
Appearance
PH

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5
Q

Who gives the highest volume of semen

A

Boar

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6
Q

How can you determine concentration of semen

A

Spectrophotometer
Hemocytometer
Nucleocounter

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7
Q

What is the gold standard to evaluate semen morphology

A

Phase contrast microscopy

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8
Q

What are two common stains for semen

A 
Eosin nigrosin (negative staining)
Diff quick
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9
Q

What does the “supravital” stain show

A

Alive sperm- intact membranes, white

Dead sperm- damaged membranes, red

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10
Q

Where do primary sperm defects originate

A

Seiminiferous epithelium

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11
Q

Where do secondary sperm defects originate

A

Epididymis, deferent duct, urethra

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12
Q

Where do tertiary sperm abnormalities originate

A

Human errors

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13
Q

Does a primary sperm defect mean it is a major sperm defect?

A

NO

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in canine and feline

A

Breeding at the wrong time

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15
Q

What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during proestrus

A

Parabasal to intermediate

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16
Q

What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during estrus

A

Intermediate to superficial

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17
Q

What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during diestrus

A

PMNs

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18
Q

What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during anestrus

A

Basal cells

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19
Q

What does P4 estimate

A

LH peak and ovulation

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20
Q

What will P4 be during LH peak and when should a bitch be bred after LH peak

A

2-2.9

4 and 6 days after LH peak

21
Q

What is the 2-2-2-2 rule

A

LH peak when P4 is 2 ng/mL
Ovulate 2 days later
Breed 2 days later
Breed again 2 days later

22
Q

What can LH testin be used for

A

Very precise LH peak and ovulation

23
Q

From the time the vaginal cytology abruptly enters diestrus (non- cornification), how long will parturition take

A

57 +/- 1 day

24
Q

How to treat uterine torsion

A

Per vaginally
Rolling the cow
C section

25
Q

What are indications to roll a cow with uterine torsion

A

Cow is recumbent
Fetus cannot be reached
Animal is preparturient

26
Q

Which direction should you roll the cow with a uterine torsion

A

Toward the side/direction of the torsion

27
Q

What order should you perform a fetotomy in

A

Amputate the head
Amputate forelimbs
Transverse cut of torso
Division of fetal pelvis

28
Q

What is progesterone concentration during anestrus/early proestrus

A

Less than 0.5

29
Q

What is P4 concentration during proestrus to early estrus

A

0.5 to 1.9

30
Q

What is P4 concentration during LH peak

A

2-2.9

31
Q

What is P4 concentration the day before ovulation

A

3-3.9

32
Q

What is P4 concentration during ovulation

A

4-10

33
Q

What is P4 concentration when already ovulated

A

Greater than 10

34
Q

What is breeding age for dairy heifers

A

13 months

35
Q

What is considered a high late gestation abortion rate in dairy cattle

A

Greater than 15% from day 42 on

36
Q

What do you need to submit to test for lepto

A

Urine and serum

37
Q

How to treat mummified fetus

A

Give PGF2alpha to lyse CL

38
Q

Is a mummified fetus septic or aseptic

A

Aseptic

39
Q

What are the consequences for the cow of mummified fetus

A

Fine to be rebred…but will be culled in a commercial farm because of economic reasons

40
Q

What might cause a mummified fetus

A

BVD

Umbilical torsion

41
Q

Can you use glucocorticoids in a mummified fetus

A

No because there is no placenta

42
Q

Treatment and prognosis for macerated fetus

A

Cull
Can’t use PGF2alpha
Poor prognosis

43
Q

What are two options for fetal dropsy

A

Hydroamnii or hydroallantois

44
Q

What shape is the abdomen in hydroamnii?

Hydroallantois?

A

Pear shaped in hydroamnii

Apple shaped in hydroallantois

45
Q

How fast does hydroallantois develop?

Hydroamnii?

A

Hydroallantois develop within 1 month, hydroamnii develop slowly over several months

46
Q

Will you be able to palpate placentomes and fetus in a hydroallantois or hydroamnii

A

No in hydroallantois, yes in hydroamnii

47
Q

What type of placenta is in hydroallantois and hydroamnii

A

Hydroallantois- adventitious placenta (issue of cow)

Hydroamnii- normal placenta (issue of fetus)

48
Q

Treatment for hydroallanotis

A

Usually nothing

Theriogenology (19 decks)

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