Final Labs Flashcards by Lauren Nykanen

How to process fresh semen

Collect
Evaluate
Mix with extender that contains antibiotic
Inseminate mare within 2-4 hours after collection

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How to process extended/cooled semen

Test semen with various extenders before the semen
Collect and evaluate
Mix with extender (ratio of semen to extender 1:4)
Place in cooling container
Inseminate mare within 48 hours after collection

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How to process frozen semen

Test semen in various freezing extender
Collect and evaluate
Mix with freezing extender
Package semen in straws
Freeze semen and store in liquid nitrogen
Thaw semen and use when needed

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What should you do to grossly evaluate semen

Volume
Appearance
PH

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Who gives the highest volume of semen

Boar

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How can you determine concentration of semen

Spectrophotometer
Hemocytometer
Nucleocounter

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What is the gold standard to evaluate semen morphology

Phase contrast microscopy

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What are two common stains for semen

Eosin nigrosin (negative staining)
Diff quick

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What does the “supravital” stain show

Alive sperm- intact membranes, white

Dead sperm- damaged membranes, red

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Where do primary sperm defects originate

Seiminiferous epithelium

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Where do secondary sperm defects originate

Epididymis, deferent duct, urethra

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Where do tertiary sperm abnormalities originate

Human errors

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Does a primary sperm defect mean it is a major sperm defect?

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What is the most common cause of infertility in canine and feline

Breeding at the wrong time

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What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during proestrus

Parabasal to intermediate

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What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during estrus

Intermediate to superficial

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What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during diestrus

PMNs

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What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during anestrus

Basal cells

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What does P4 estimate

LH peak and ovulation

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What will P4 be during LH peak and when should a bitch be bred after LH peak

2-2.9

4 and 6 days after LH peak

What is the 2-2-2-2 rule

LH peak when P4 is 2 ng/mL
Ovulate 2 days later
Breed 2 days later
Breed again 2 days later

What can LH testin be used for

Very precise LH peak and ovulation

From the time the vaginal cytology abruptly enters diestrus (non- cornification), how long will parturition take

57 +/- 1 day

How to treat uterine torsion

Per vaginally
Rolling the cow
C section

What are indications to roll a cow with uterine torsion

Cow is recumbent Fetus cannot be reached Animal is preparturient

Which direction should you roll the cow with a uterine torsion

Toward the side/direction of the torsion

What order should you perform a fetotomy in

Amputate the head Amputate forelimbs Transverse cut of torso Division of fetal pelvis

What is progesterone concentration during anestrus/early proestrus

Less than 0.5

What is P4 concentration during proestrus to early estrus

0.5 to 1.9

What is P4 concentration during LH peak

2-2.9

What is P4 concentration the day before ovulation

3-3.9

What is P4 concentration during ovulation

4-10

What is P4 concentration when already ovulated

Greater than 10

What is breeding age for dairy heifers

13 months

What is considered a high late gestation abortion rate in dairy cattle

Greater than 15% from day 42 on

What do you need to submit to test for lepto

Urine and serum

How to treat mummified fetus

Give PGF2alpha to lyse CL

Is a mummified fetus septic or aseptic

Aseptic

What are the consequences for the cow of mummified fetus

Fine to be rebred...but will be culled in a commercial farm because of economic reasons

What might cause a mummified fetus

BVD | Umbilical torsion

Can you use glucocorticoids in a mummified fetus

No because there is no placenta

Treatment and prognosis for macerated fetus

Cull Can’t use PGF2alpha Poor prognosis

What are two options for fetal dropsy

Hydroamnii or hydroallantois

What shape is the abdomen in hydroamnii? | Hydroallantois?

Pear shaped in hydroamnii | Apple shaped in hydroallantois

How fast does hydroallantois develop? | Hydroamnii?

Hydroallantois develop within 1 month, hydroamnii develop slowly over several months

Will you be able to palpate placentomes and fetus in a hydroallantois or hydroamnii

No in hydroallantois, yes in hydroamnii

What type of placenta is in hydroallantois and hydroamnii

Hydroallantois- adventitious placenta (issue of cow) Hydroamnii- normal placenta (issue of fetus)

Treatment for hydroallanotis

Usually nothing