Final Labs Flashcards
How to process fresh semen
Collect
Evaluate
Mix with extender that contains antibiotic
Inseminate mare within 2-4 hours after collection
How to process extended/cooled semen
Test semen with various extenders before the semen
Collect and evaluate
Mix with extender (ratio of semen to extender 1:4)
Place in cooling container
Inseminate mare within 48 hours after collection
How to process frozen semen
Test semen in various freezing extender Collect and evaluate Mix with freezing extender Package semen in straws Freeze semen and store in liquid nitrogen Thaw semen and use when needed
What should you do to grossly evaluate semen
Volume
Appearance
PH
Who gives the highest volume of semen
Boar
How can you determine concentration of semen
Spectrophotometer
Hemocytometer
Nucleocounter
What is the gold standard to evaluate semen morphology
Phase contrast microscopy
What are two common stains for semen
Eosin nigrosin (negative staining) Diff quick
What does the “supravital” stain show
Alive sperm- intact membranes, white
Dead sperm- damaged membranes, red
Where do primary sperm defects originate
Seiminiferous epithelium
Where do secondary sperm defects originate
Epididymis, deferent duct, urethra
Where do tertiary sperm abnormalities originate
Human errors
Does a primary sperm defect mean it is a major sperm defect?
NO
What is the most common cause of infertility in canine and feline
Breeding at the wrong time
What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during proestrus
Parabasal to intermediate
What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during estrus
Intermediate to superficial
What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during diestrus
PMNs
What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during anestrus
Basal cells
What does P4 estimate
LH peak and ovulation
What will P4 be during LH peak and when should a bitch be bred after LH peak
2-2.9
4 and 6 days after LH peak
What is the 2-2-2-2 rule
LH peak when P4 is 2 ng/mL
Ovulate 2 days later
Breed 2 days later
Breed again 2 days later
What can LH testin be used for
Very precise LH peak and ovulation
From the time the vaginal cytology abruptly enters diestrus (non- cornification), how long will parturition take
57 +/- 1 day
How to treat uterine torsion
Per vaginally
Rolling the cow
C section
What are indications to roll a cow with uterine torsion
Cow is recumbent
Fetus cannot be reached
Animal is preparturient
Which direction should you roll the cow with a uterine torsion
Toward the side/direction of the torsion
What order should you perform a fetotomy in
Amputate the head
Amputate forelimbs
Transverse cut of torso
Division of fetal pelvis
What is progesterone concentration during anestrus/early proestrus
Less than 0.5
What is P4 concentration during proestrus to early estrus
0.5 to 1.9
What is P4 concentration during LH peak
2-2.9
What is P4 concentration the day before ovulation
3-3.9
What is P4 concentration during ovulation
4-10
What is P4 concentration when already ovulated
Greater than 10
What is breeding age for dairy heifers
13 months
What is considered a high late gestation abortion rate in dairy cattle
Greater than 15% from day 42 on
What do you need to submit to test for lepto
Urine and serum
How to treat mummified fetus
Give PGF2alpha to lyse CL
Is a mummified fetus septic or aseptic
Aseptic
What are the consequences for the cow of mummified fetus
Fine to be rebred…but will be culled in a commercial farm because of economic reasons
What might cause a mummified fetus
BVD
Umbilical torsion
Can you use glucocorticoids in a mummified fetus
No because there is no placenta
Treatment and prognosis for macerated fetus
Cull
Can’t use PGF2alpha
Poor prognosis
What are two options for fetal dropsy
Hydroamnii or hydroallantois
What shape is the abdomen in hydroamnii?
Hydroallantois?
Pear shaped in hydroamnii
Apple shaped in hydroallantois
How fast does hydroallantois develop?
Hydroamnii?
Hydroallantois develop within 1 month, hydroamnii develop slowly over several months
Will you be able to palpate placentomes and fetus in a hydroallantois or hydroamnii
No in hydroallantois, yes in hydroamnii
What type of placenta is in hydroallantois and hydroamnii
Hydroallantois- adventitious placenta (issue of cow)
Hydroamnii- normal placenta (issue of fetus)
Treatment for hydroallanotis
Usually nothing
