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Clinical Anatomy > Lecture 7: Small Animal GI and Spleen > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Small Animal GI and Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

What is indicative of a stress leukogram

A

Neutrophilia and lymphopenia

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2
Q

Identify 1-7

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Liver
  3. Kidneys
  4. Intestines
  5. Head of spleen
  6. Bladder
  7. Colon
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3
Q

Identify 1-7

A
  1. Liver
  2. Stomach
  3. Spleen
  4. Left kidney
  5. Right kidney
  6. Bladder
  7. Colon
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4
Q

Localize the problem and what is your concern

A

Distended small intestines and something present in stomach

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5
Q

To determine if the small intestine is expanded/distended what other anatomical structure can you measure it against and what is the ratio

A

The canine small intestine is normally equal or less than 1.6x the height of the body of L5

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6
Q

At what width of the small intestine is there a greater concern/likelihood for a FB

A

> 2.1x the size of L5

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7
Q

When you place a patient is right lateral where does the stomach gas travel to

A

Fundus

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8
Q

When you place a patient is left lateral where does gas travel to

A

Pylorus

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9
Q

What side is the pylorus on

A

Right

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10
Q

What side is the fundus on

A

Left

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11
Q

Where has the gas from the stomach traveled to and therefore what is the position of the patient on X-ray table

A

Gas is in the pylorus therefore patient is place is left lateral

Pylorus is on the right

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12
Q

Where is the gas in the stomach and therefore what is the position of the patient on the table

A

Gas is in the fundus therefore patient is in right lateral

Fundus is on the left

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13
Q

What is indicated by the blue circle

A

Pylorus- NORMAL

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14
Q

Describe the differences in the right and left pictures

A

left: gas from stomach is in the fundus therefore patient is placed in right laterals

Right: gas from the stomach is in the pylorus therefore the patient is in R. Lateral

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15
Q

what is indicated by the white arrow and circle

A
  1. Gas in pylorus
  2. FB in pylorus

** gas is black, white object is FB

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16
Q

What does the gastric axis measure

A

Liver size

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17
Q

What does hepatomegaly do to gastric axis

A

Displaces it causally, liver extends past last rib

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18
Q

What does microhepatica do to gastric axis

A

Displaces it cranially

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19
Q

In shallow/barrel chested dogs how is the gastric axis oriented

A

Deviated caudally

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20
Q

In deep/kneel chested codes how is the gastric axis oriented

A

Deviated cranially

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21
Q

What is the problem and what has it done to gastric axis

A

Enlarged SI and stomach, forced gastric axis cranially

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22
Q

What are the treatment options for suspected FB

A
  1. Abdominal exploratory
  2. Endoscopy- may still lead to exploratory
  3. Conservative management- fluids, pain meds, repeat rads (last choice)
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23
Q

What kind of cut do you make in an exploratory laparotomy

A

Midline celiotomy, siphons to pubis

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24
Q

What is the most cranial structure you see when performing exploratory laparotomy

A

Liver

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25
Q

Identify 1-8

A
  1. Right lateral lobe
  2. Right medial lobe
  3. Quadrate lobe
  4. Left medial lobe
  5. Left lateral lobe
  6. Papillary process of caudate lobe
  7. Gallbladder
  8. Caudate process of caudate lobe
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26
Q

What lobes does the gallbladder lie between

A

Right medial and quadrate lobe

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27
Q

Identify 1-8

A
  1. Right lateral lobe
  2. Right medial lobe
  3. Gallbladder
  4. Left lateral lobe
  5. Left medial lobe
  6. Papillary process of caudate lobe
  7. Stomach
  8. Quadrate lobe
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28
Q

What is the main blood supply and venous drainage of from the body that enter the liver

A

Hepatic artery and vein
Portal vein

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29
Q

What does the hepatic artery branch off of

A

Celiac artery

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30
Q

The hepatic artery provides ___% blood flow and ___% of oxygenated blood flow to liver

A

20%, 80%

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31
Q

What portal vein provides __% blood flow and __% of oxygenated blood supply to liver

A

80%, 20%

32
Q

What is the purpose of the portal vein

A

Drain blood from GI and spleen to filter out toxins in the liver and then send back to caudal vena cava and heart

33
Q

What is an intrahepatic shunt

A

Connected vessels between the hepatic veins and portal vein in the liver that bypass filtering in liver

34
Q

What is an extra hepatic shunt

A

Connection of the portal vein and caudal vena cava outside the liver that bypasses the filtering of the liver

35
Q

What structures are located in the hepatodudneal ligament

A

Common bile duct, portal vein, proper hepatic artery

36
Q

Describe the flow of bile between the gallbladder, liver and pancreas

A

Liver makes bile and is stored in gall bladder, when secreted travels down in common bile duct and joints with pancreatic ducts via the major duodenal papilla

37
Q

What structure does bile drain into the duodenum from

A

Major duodenal papilla

38
Q

Identify 1-3

A
  1. Cystic duct
  2. Hepatic ducts
  3. Common bile duct
39
Q

What ligaments connect the lesser omentum to the stomach and liver

A
  1. Hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatogastric ligament
40
Q

What ligaments connect the greater ommentum to diaphragm, spleen and colon

A

Gastrophrenic ligament, gastrosplenic ligament, gastrocolic ligament

41
Q

what are these

A

Siderotic plaques on spleen, normal in older dogs

42
Q

Where does the left pancreatic lobe lie

A

Along greater curvature of stomach

43
Q

Where does right lobe of pancreas lie

A

Along duodenum

44
Q

Which species has an accessory duct, dogs or cats

A

Dogs, only 20% of cats have accessory ducts

45
Q

What are 3 problems that are believed to be associated with the lack of the accessory duct in cats

A
  1. IBD
  2. Hepatitis
  3. Pancreatitis
46
Q

In dogs, the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the duodenum at the ___

A

Major duodenal papilla

47
Q

What does the duodenal ligament separate

A

Duodenum and jejunum

48
Q

What type of blood supply does the duodenum have

A

Segmental

49
Q

What type of blood supply does the jejunum have

A

Arcurate

50
Q

What pathology is present here

A

enlarged jejununal lymph nodes

51
Q

What is the purpose of the mesentery

A

Supports the small and large intestine

52
Q

What part of the small intestines has the anti-mesenteric vessel

A

Ileum

53
Q

What are these bulges present on the jejunum and ileum

A

peyers patches- lymphoid follicles

54
Q

What type of blood supply does the colon have

A

Segmental

55
Q

What part of intestine is highlighted here and label 1-3

A

Whole thing is the colon
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon

56
Q

What does orad mean

A

Towards mouth

57
Q

What does aborad mean

A

Away from mouth

58
Q

Where should you incision be for gastrotomy

A

Hypovasculature area 1/2 between the lesser and greater curvature

59
Q

What is the holding layer of the stomach you want to engage when you close

A

Submucosa

60
Q

When making enterotomy incision where in relation to the FB do you want to make the cut and why

A

Aborad to FB because dont want to cut into compromised tissue

61
Q

What is the holding layer for closing the intestines

A

Submucosa

62
Q

When closing the abdomen what is the holding layer

A

External rectus sheath

63
Q

Great Dane Patient presents with ptyalism, non-reproductive retching, distended and tympanic abdomen and weak femoral pulses. What is likely differential

A

GDV

64
Q

Prior to performing x-rays of GDV individual what needs to be done

A

Release pressure of gastric dilation that is compressing on the caudal vena cava and portal vein

65
Q

What are two methods to relieve pressure in GDV

A
  1. Gastric trochar- insert needle dorsolateral after last rib
  2. Orogastric tube, measure to xiphoid
66
Q

What is indicated by the x-ray, what is red circle surrounding and identify 1-2

A

X-ray shows GDV
Red circle is around entire stomach
1. Pylorus
2. Fundus/body

67
Q

Where should IVC’s be placed in GDV patient for surgery and why

A

Forelimbs as hind limbs are receiving less blood flow

68
Q

What type of initial incision would you make in a GDV

A

Midline celiotomy

69
Q

What are you trying to physically accomplish in GDV surgey

A

De-rotate stomach, pylorus has rotated itself 180-270 degrees from right to left side. Pull pylorus back to the right side while pushing down on fundus

70
Q

What artery comes off the aorta and supplies the forestomach

A

Celiac

71
Q

What are the branches of the Celiac artery

A

Splenic, hepatic and left gastric

72
Q

What does the splenic artery give off

A

Left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries

73
Q

What arteries are at high risk of tearing during GDV and can cause hemoabdomen

A

Short gastric arteries

74
Q

Where does the left gastroepiploic artery run

A

Greater curvature of the stomach

75
Q

When performing a splenectomy, what artery is it important to spare otherwise it will kill that part of the stomach

A

Left gastroepiploic

76
Q

What arteries should be lighted during splenectomy

A
  1. Omental branch of splenic
  2. Major splenic branch
  3. Dorsal branch of splenic
  4. Short gastric arteries
77
Q

Describe the technique/procedure for a Gastropexy

A
  1. Incise the body walls away from the midline
  2. Incise the pyloric antrum
  3. Suture muscle layer of stomach to body wall

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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