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Clinical Anatomy > Lecture 2: Small Animal Antebrachium and Elbow > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Small Animal Antebrachium and Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the following arrows with corresponding colors

A

Yellow dot: capitulum
Purple dot: radial head
Red: supratrochlear foramen (anconeal process peaking through)
Pink: trochlea
Green: medial coronoid process (ulna)

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2
Q

identify the following arrows with corresponding color

A

Green: radial head
Purple: anconeal process
Yellow: olecranon

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3
Q

Is the capitulum on medial or lateral side of elbow and what does it articulate with

A

Lateral, articulates mainly with radius

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4
Q

Is the trochlea medial or lateral and what does it articulate with

A

Medial and articulates with ulna

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5
Q

identify the red, purple and green arrows

A

Red: ulna
Purple: capitulum
Green: trochlea

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6
Q

identify 1-9

A
  1. Tuber olecrani of ulna
  2. Medial epicondyle of humerus
  3. Trochlea of humeral condyle
  4. Medial coronoid process of ulna
  5. Head of radius
  6. Capitulum of humeral condyle
  7. Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  8. Anconeal process of ulna
  9. Supratrochlear foramen of humerus
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7
Q

identify 1-11

A
  1. Anconeal process of ulna
  2. Tuber olecrani of ulna
  3. Caudal border of lateral epicondyle of humerus
  4. Caudal border of medial epicondyle of humerus
  5. Lateral coronoid process of ulna
  6. Proximal radioulnar joint
  7. Medial coronoid process of ulna
  8. Head of radius
  9. Condyle of humerus
  10. Cranial border of medial epicondyle of humerus
  11. Cranial border of lateral epicondyle of humerus
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8
Q

identify the arrows with corresponding colors

A

Purple: anconeal process
Green: radial head
Red: semilunar notch
Pink: olecranon
Blue: medial coronoid process

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9
Q

identify the following arrows and corresponding colors

A

Pink: olecranon
Blue: lateral coronoid process
Red: radial head
Green: anconeal process
Yellow: medial coronoid process

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10
Q

identify 1-11

A
  1. Olecranon tuber
  2. Anconeal process
  3. Trochlear notch
  4. Medial coronoid process
  5. Ulnar tuberosity
  6. Interosseous border
  7. Articular circumference
  8. Styloid process
  9. Olecranon
  10. Lateral coronoid process
  11. Radial notch
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11
Q

identify which one is cat vs dog and what is the yellow arrow pointing to

A

Left: cat
- yellow arrow: Supra-condyloid foramen

Right: dog
- yellow arrow: supratrochlear foramen

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12
Q

What nerve and artery run through the supracondylar foramen in cats

A

Median nerve and brachial artery

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13
Q

What nerve and artery runs through the supra-trochlear foramen in dogs

A

NONE! Only cats have median nerve and brachial artery through foramen on humerus

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14
Q

Case ex: Ruger 6mo MI with 2 week hx of left forelimb lameness, no known. Stiff when gets up and sore after activity. Elbow is mildly painful on manipulation.
Following X-ray was taken. What’s Wrong

A

Ununited anconeal process

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15
Q

Ex case Ruger cont: ununited anconeal process: when should anconeal process physis close

A

By 5 months

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16
Q

What are some possible repair solutions for an ununited anconeal process

A

Can remove process, pin but not super common

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17
Q

Will removing ununited anconeal process affect bone growth?

A

No because the that joint contributes a very small % of growth and it should be closed at 5 months anyway when dog is still growing

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18
Q

Case ex: Heidi, 11mo FS Labrador retriever with progressive forelimb lameness for 3 months, stiffness after rest, sore with activity, no known trauma. The following X-ray was taken. What’s wrong?

A

Fragmented medial coronoid process

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19
Q

Does the following X-ray show a normal or fragmented medial coronoid process

A

normal

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20
Q

does the following X-ray show a normal or fragmented medial coronoid process

A

Fragmented, no clear line present between radius and ulna. Indicated by black arrow

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21
Q

what is indicated by O in X-ray showing fragmented medial coronoid process

A

Osteophyte- bone fragment

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22
Q

which X-ray is normal and what is wrong with abnormal one

A

Left: normal
Right: abnormal, fragmented medial coronoid process- showing bone fragment. Also edge of articulation between humerus and radius is more blunt opposed to sharp edges

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23
Q

which elbow X-ray is abnormal and why

A

Left: normal
Right: abnormal- large space between radius and humerus

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24
Q

When does proximal radius growth plate close in dogs

A

6-11 months

25
Q

When does distal radius growth plate close in dogs

A

8-12 months

26
Q

When does distal ulna growth plate close in dogs

A

8-12 months

27
Q

When does proximal radius growth plate close in cats

A

5-8 months

28
Q

When does distal radius growth plate close in cats

A

14-20 months

29
Q

When does distal ulna growth plate close in cats

A

14-20 months

30
Q

Which humeral growth plate contributes 80% growth

A

Proximal growth plate

31
Q

Which growth plate contributes 20% growth

A

Distal growth plate

32
Q

When does proximal humerus growth plate close in dogs

A

10-13 months

33
Q

When does humeral condyle growth plate close in dogs

A

5-8 months

34
Q

When does proximal humerus growth plate close in cats

A

18-24 months

35
Q

When does humeral condyle growth plate in cats close

A

3-4 months

36
Q

What is incomplete ossification of humeral condyle

A

Condyle fails to fuse and the lateral and medial sides are separated by a fibrous band, prone to fracture later in life

37
Q

what is indicated by the black arrows

A

Incomplete ossification of humeral condyle

38
Q

What is indicated by the white arrow

A

incomplete ossification of humeral condyle

39
Q

Identify 1-5

A
  1. Oblique ligament
  2. Biceps brachii
  3. Brachialis
  4. Lateral collateral ligament
  5. Annular ligament
40
Q

What is the function of the lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the elbow

A

Main stabilizers of elbow

41
Q

What ligament keeps the radial head sitting in the elbow joint

A

Annular ligament

42
Q

What would happen if you tore both your medial and lateral collateral ligaments

A

Luxate elbow

43
Q

identify 1-2

A
  1. Annular ligament
  2. Lateral collateral ligament and caudal and cranial crura
44
Q

Ex case: Angel, 8yr FS Lab with acute onset right forelimb lameness following landing wrong after playing ball. Very painful on manipulation of right elbow with abnormal ROM.

The following X-ray were taken, what’s wrong

A

Elbow luxated

45
Q

what happened here

A

Ulna broke, causing radial head to luxate, tearing annular ligament

46
Q

What are the elbow flexors

A

Biceps brachii and brachialis

47
Q

What are elbow extensors

A

Tensor fasciae anterbrachium, long head of triceps, medial head of triceps, accessory head of triceps, lateral head of triceps, and anconeus

48
Q

identify 1-5

A
  1. Accessory head
  2. Long head
  3. Lateral head
  4. Long head
  5. Accessory head
  6. Medial head
49
Q

Ex case: Gus, 2yr, MI pittie with non weight bearing right forelimb for about a week, painful, swollen caudal elbow, unknown hx of trauma.

The following X-ray was taken what is wrong

A

Fracture to olecranon process, after break the triceps will pull olecranon out of place

50
Q

Ex case: waits, 5yr, NM mix breed with 2-3 month hx of of weight bearing lameness, worsens after exercise, improves with rest. Patient was painful on flexion of shoulder and hyperextension of elbow. What could be injured

A

Bicep muscles

51
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate

52
Q

What does median and ulnar nerve innervate in antebrachium

A

Carpal flexors (superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis)

53
Q

What does radial nerve innervate in antebrachium

A

Carpal extensors (ulnaris lateralis, lateral digital extensor, common digital extensor, extensor carpi radialis)

54
Q

What muscle is hammer targeting? What respond should this elicit? What nerve function does it test

A

Muscle: triceps
Response: elbow extension
Nerve: radial

55
Q

what muscle is the hammer targeting? What response should this elicit? What nerve is this testing?

A

Muscle: biceps
Response: elbow flexion
Nerve: musculocutaneous

56
Q

What muscle is the hammer targeting? What response should this elicit? What nerve is this testing?

A

muscle: extensor carpi radialis
Response: carpal extension
Nerve: radial

57
Q

Ex case: Bubba, 2yr, NM Siamese got out of house came home non-weight bearing but has sensation in foot. What would be your next steps to determine what is wrong

A

Test reflexes with hammer: start with Extensor carpi radialis (because loss extension), then test triceps and then biceps

58
Q

Ex case Bubba cont: Extensor Carpi radialis- no response, triceps, no response, biceps- reflex present. What nerve is damaged?

59
Q

identify 1-2

A
  1. Cephalic vein
  2. Accessory cephalic vein

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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