Lecture 4: Small animal Tarsus and Paw Flashcards
What is the ungual crest
Thin shelf of bone on the distal phalanx
What is the ungual process
The curved conical extension of the distal phalanx into the claw
What is the unguis
Keratinized nail
identify 1-6
- Trochlea
- Talus
- Central tarsal bone
- Tarsal bones I-Iv
- Calcaneus
- Calcaneal tuber
Is the trochlea of the talus medial or lateral
Medial
What does the trochlea of the talus articulate with
Tibia
What does the central bone articulate with
Talus and tarsal bones 1-3
What does the 4th tarsal bone articulate with
Calcaneus
Identify 1-8
- Central tarsal bone
- Calcaneal tuber
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Central tarsal bone
- Tarsal II
- Tarsal I
- Metatarsal I
identify 1-9
- Fibula
- Tibia
- Calcaneal
- Talus
- Central bone
- IV tarsal
- I tarsal
- I metatarsal
- II metatarsal
identify 1-5
- Trochlea of talus
- Central bone
- Tarsals 1-III
- Calcaneus
- 4th tarsal bone
identify 1-6
- Trochlea of talus
- Central bone
- Tarsals 1-III
- Metatarsals
- Calcaneus
- 4th tarsal bone
Identify 1-9
- Calcaneus
- IV tarsal
- Metatarsal V
- Metatarsal IV
- Metatarsal III
- Metatarsal II
- Central bone
- Talus
- Medial tibial malleolus
Identify 1-7
- Tibia
- Trochlea of talus
- Talus
- Metatarsals
- Tarsals I-III
- Central bone and 4th tarsal bone
- Calcaneus
identify 1-10
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Central bone and 4th tarsal bone
- Tarsals I-III
- Tibial cochlea
- Metatarsals
- Tibiatrochlear/ tarsocrural joint
- Proximal intertarsal joint
- Distal intertarsal joint
- Tarsometatarsal joint
Identify 1-15 and arrows proximal to distal
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Medial malleolus of tibia
- Lateral malleolus of fibula
- Tibial cochlea
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Calcaneal tuber
- Sustentaculum tali
- Central tarsal bone
- Tarsal I
- Tarsal II
- Tarsal III
- Tarsal IV
- Metatarsal V
Arrows: proximal to distal
1. Proximal intertarsal joint
2. Distal intertarsal joint
3. Tarsometatarsal joint
Case: 2yr, NM DSH rear foot stepped on by owner, acutely lame and painful over metatarsal bones, non-weight bearing. Following X-ray was taken what is wrong and what could be some treatment options
Fracture to metacarpals II-V
Tx: pins, plate, splint
What are the 4 tarsal joints
- Tarsocrural/tibiotarsal joint
- Proximal intertarsal joint
- Distal intertarsal joint
- Tarsometatarsal joint
What is the major joint for motion in the tarsus
Tarsocrural joint
What does the proximal intertarsal joint join
Talus and central/4th bone
What does distal intertarsal joint join
Central bone and tarsal bones I-IV
What tarsal joints don’t have movement
Proximal, distal and Tarsometatarsal
Identify the following joint spades 1-4
- Tarsocrural
- Tarsometatarsal
- Proximal intertarsal
- Distal intertarsal
Case: 1yr, MN, lab with intermittent right rear lameness, worse after activity, sore after rest, tarsus is thickened, painful on flexion and extension. The following X-ray is taken, what is wrong
Osteochondrosis dissecans of the medial trochlear ridge of the talus (most common place for OCD of tarsus)
What is osteochondrosis dissecans
Fragment of articular cartilage that never formed to bone breaks off and causes inflammation and irritation of surrounding joint/tissues
Osteochondrosis dissecans in most common in….
Young, rapidly growing large breed dogs
Does the following X-ray show normal or abnormal medial trochlear ridge of tarsus/OCD
normal, trochlear ridge nicely fits in with medial malleolus of tibia
which CT is abnormal and what is the problem
Left: Normal
Right: abnormal- OCD on medial trochlear ridge of tarsus
What species stands digitigrade
Canines, felines, birds
What species stand plantigrade
Bears, rabbits, raccoons, red pandas, skunks, kangaroos
What species stand unguligrade
Horses, cows, deer, and other hoofed animals
What is the common Calcanean tendon composed of
Gastronemius tendon and superficial digital flexor tendon
Insert on calcaneus
A rupture of the calcanean tendon results in what type of stance
Plantigrade
What muscles make up the common tendon
Gracillis, semitendinosus, bicep femoris
What is indicated by asterisks, black arrow, and red arrow
asterisks: common Calcaneal tendon
Black arrow: Superficial digital flexor
Red arrow: gastrocnemius tendon
What extra muscle do cats have that joins with the calcaneus
Soleus
what muscle is indicated by #2 and what species is this
2-soleus
Species=cat
Case: 6yr, FS spaniel acute right rear limb lameness, plantigrade stance, pain on flexion and extension of tarsus, pain on extension of the stifle, swelling noted over the calcaneus. What is a potential cause
Ruptured Calcaneal tendon
A rupture of the Calcaneal tendon results in hyperflexion or hyperextension
Hyperflexion
What is 1-2 and what ligaments attach there
- Lateral malleolus of the fibula
- Medial malleolus of tibia
Tarsal Lateral and medial collateral ligaments attach here
What is the function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Stabilize tarsal joints- particularly non-mobile joints like proximal, distal and tarsometartsal
Identify 1-2
- Medial collateral ligament
- Lateral collateral ligament
Case: 4yr, NM, Boxer running this AM and acutely non-weight bearing lame, painful on painful on palpation of the left rear foot. The following x-ray was taken, what is wrong and what are some potential tx options
Problem is with proximal intertarsal joint- subluxation due to torn tarsal collateral ligaments
Tx: pin because joints are supposed to be immobile normally so not losing motion
Case: 6yr, NM Beagle missing 2 days came home not using RHL and open wound on medial aspect of right tarsus. The following X-ray was taken what is wrong
Tarsal valgus- rupture of medial collateral ligament- subluxation and bone fragment also present
identify #1
- Tarsal fibrocartilage
What is the function of the tarsal fibrocartilage
Prevent hyperFLEXION of tarsus and immobilize
In the carpus, the function of the carpal fibrocartilage is
Prevent hyperEXTENSION
Identify the nerves 1-4
- Sciatic
- Tibial
- Superficial peroneal nerve
- Deep peroneal nerve
What are the two main branches off the sciatic nerve
Tibial and fibula (peroneal)
What nerve innervates the cranial tibial muscle
Fibular
What nerve innervates the peroneus Longus
Fibular
What nerve innervates the superficial digital flexor
Tibial
What nerve innervates the deep digital flexor
Tibial
What nerve innervates the gastrocnemius
Tibial
What nerve innervates the long digital extensor
Fibular
What nerve innervates the lateral digital extensor
Fibular
What nerve innervates muscles that flex the hock
Fibular
What nerve innervates muscles that extend the hock
Tibial
What nerve innervates digital extensors
Fibular
What nerve innervates digital flexors
Tibial
Identify 1-3
- Dorsal pedal
- Medial saphenous
- Lateral saphenous
What is the dorsal pedal artery clinically useful for
Direct BP via arterial line
What species uses the medial saphenous for blood draws
Cats
What species uses the lateral saphenous for blood draws and catheter placements
Dogs
Would you want to do a tarsal arthrocentesis on the extensor or flexor surface and why
Extensor surface, can flex joint and increase size of extensor surface
Where do you want to insert needle for brachial plexus block
Medial to scapula, lateral to ribcage
Enter from cranial side
What are the two functions of the sesamoid bones
- Redistribute forces to relieve tension
- Provide a smooth surface for tendons
what joint is luxated
Tarsometatarsal
what joint is luxated
Tarsometarsal
What ligament is torn and what is the result
Medial collateral ligament, resulting in tarsal valgus
How would you describe this finding
Tarsal hyperflexion
Plantigrade stance
