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Clinical Anatomy > Lecture 10: Small Animal thorax and Diaphragm > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Small Animal thorax and Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

The trachea is a tube that extends from the ___cartilage of the larynx to its ___in the thorax

A

Cricoid cartilage, biforcation

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2
Q

What is the tracheal carina

A

Structure that lies at the crest of the bifurcation where the trachea splits

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3
Q

How many C shaped hyaline cartilages line the trachea

A

35-40

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4
Q

What muscle lines the dorsal part of the C-shaped hyaline tracheal cartilages

A

Trachealis muscle

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5
Q

Is the trachealis muscle dorsal or ventral

A

Dorsal

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6
Q

What structure unites the hyaline tracheal cartilage rings

A

Annular ligaments of the trachea

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7
Q

When does the bronchial tree begin

A

Bifurcation of the trachea

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8
Q

The right and left principal bronchi divide into __

A

Lobar bronchi

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9
Q

What structure is used to identify the lung lobes

A

Lobar bronchi

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10
Q

Lobar bronchi divide into

A

Segmental bronchi

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11
Q

Which lung/bronchus segment lacks hyaline cartilage

A

Bronchioles

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12
Q

Respiratory bronchioles give rise to ___. ___ and ___

A

Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and pulmonary alveoli

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13
Q

what is wrong

A

Tracheal collapse

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14
Q

What breeds commonly get tracheal collapse

A

Middle aged toy breeds, Yorkies and poms

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15
Q

What happens during tracheal collapse

A

C-shaped tracheal cartilage weakens and collapses progressively over time

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16
Q

What are the two types/regions of tracheal collapse

A

Intra or extra thoracic

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17
Q

What form of tracheal collapse is occurring when signs worsen during inspiration

A

Extrathoracic

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18
Q

What form of tracheal collapse is occurring when signs worse during expiration

A

Intrathoracic

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19
Q

What is grade I tracheal collapse

A

Tracheal membrane is slightly pendulous, cartilage maintains normal shape and lumen size is reduced by 25%

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20
Q

What is grade II tracheal collapse

A

Tracheal membrane is widened and pendulous, cartilage is partially flattened, and lumen size is reduced by 50%

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21
Q

Grade III tracheal collapse

A

Tracheal membrane almost in contact with the ventral trachea, cartilage is nearly flat and lumen size is reduced by 75%

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22
Q

Grade IV tracheal collapse

A

Tracheal membrane lying on dorsal cartilage, cartilage is flattened and may invert, and lumen is essentially closed

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23
Q

What grades is medical management reasonable for tracheal collapse

A

Grade I and II

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24
Q

What are some medical management options for grade I and II tracheal collapse

A
  1. Weight loss plan
  2. Harness instead of collars
  3. Avoid respiratory irritants
  4. Steroids, antiussives, bronchodilators, and sedatives
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25
Q

What are two surgical options to treat tracheal collapse

A

Extraluminal rings and intraluminal stents

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26
Q

What is the thoracic inlet

A

Opening into the cranial part of the thoracic cavity

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27
Q

What could happen to patient under anesthesia if your ET tube is passed the thoracic inlet

A

You would only be inflating one lung/side because your tube is passed he bifurcation

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28
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

Central compartment of the thoracic cavity

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29
Q

What does the cranial mediastinum contain

A

Trachea, esophagus, thymus

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30
Q

What does the middle mediastinum contain

A

Heart

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31
Q

What does the dorsal mediastinum contain

A

Major pulmonary vessels, aorta, thoracic duct

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32
Q

What does the caudal mediastinum contain

A

Aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, vagal nerves

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33
Q

Identify 1-14

A

1.right cranial lung lobe
2. Right middle lung lobe
3. Right caudal lung lobe
4. Accessory lung lobe
5. Cranial part of left cranial lung lobe
6. Caudal part of left cranial lung lobe
7. Left caudal lung lobe
8. Caudal mediastinum
9. Trachea
10. Right ventricle
11. Left ventricle
12 aorta
13. Caudal vena cava
14. Heart

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34
Q

What is #2

A

Bronchus to right cranial lung lobe

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35
Q

Left lateral thoracic the __side is down and ___ side is up

A

Left down, right up

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36
Q

In a left lateral thoracic rad which side of the lungs has more air

A

Right

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37
Q

During a left lateral thoracic radiograph there is more air in the right side, therefore which side is easier to see

A

Left side, less air so can see more soft tissue opacity

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38
Q

__produces large impression on the medial surface of each lung

A

Heart

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39
Q

What side is the cardiac notch on

A

Right

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40
Q

If you are doing a pericardiocentesis which side should you do it from and why

A

The right, because you are aiming for the cardiac notch

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41
Q

What side is the accessory lobe of the lung on

A

Right

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42
Q

What is the alveolar disease pattern

A

When air within alveoli is replaced with a sensor material (ex: pus), increasing opacity

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43
Q

What is a bronchial disease pattern

A

When bronchial wall thickness is increased by cellular or fluid infiltration

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44
Q

What are the two types of interstitial disease patterns

A

Structured and unstructured

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45
Q

What is structured interstitial disease patterns

A

Modular or mass lesions in the lung

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46
Q

What is unstructured interstitial disease pattern

A

Excess fluid, cellular in growth, or inflation into the supporting interstitial framework of the lung

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47
Q

What are air bronchograms

A

Air filled bronchus transversing a region of abnormal lung where alveolar air has been replaced by hemorrhage

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48
Q

What is the problem

A

Air bronchograms, lack tracts- air surrounding abnormal lung tissue

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49
Q

What is the lobar sign in pulmonary disease

A

Sharp margin crated when a lobe with increased opacity abuts a normally aerated lobe that has less opacity

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50
Q

What is the problem here

A

lobar pattern- sharp opaque line created by superimposed normal lung (black) with abnormal (opague) lung

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51
Q

What are the 2 hallmarks of bronchial pattern

A

Ring shadows and tram lines

*tram lines more present

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52
Q

What are ring shadows

A

Crated by the x-ray beam hitting an abnormal bronchus head on

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53
Q

What are tram lines

A

Created by the x-ray beam hitting abnormal bronchus side on

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54
Q

What do the white and black arrows indicated

A

White arrows: ring shadows
Black arrows: tram lines

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55
Q

What type of pulmonary disease pattern is seen here

A

interstitial structured

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56
Q

What is the key to understanding unstructured interstitial patterns

A

Recognizing an increase in the background opacity of the lung of that which is within normal limits

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57
Q

What pulmonary disease pattern is seen here

A

Interstitial unstructured

58
Q

What valves can you listen to on left side and where

A

P: pulmonary (3rd rib)
A: aortic (4th rib)
M: mitral (5th rib)

59
Q

What valve can you listen to on right side

A

Tricuspid- 4th interstitial space

60
Q

What structure separates the L and right ventricle

A

Left coronary artery

61
Q

What structure separates the atriums from the ventricles

A

Great coronary vein

62
Q

what is indicated by 1-2

A
  1. Left coronary artery
  2. Great coronary vein
63
Q

What is the order of cardiac blood flow

A
  1. Superior/inferior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. Pulmonary veins
  8. Left atrium
  9. Mitral valve
  10. Left ventricle
  11. Aortic valve
  12. Aorta
64
Q

What structure starts the sequence of cardiac blood flow by causing atrial contraction

A

Sinoatrial node

65
Q

Describe the pathway from SA node to activating the ventricles

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
  6. Ventricular contraction
66
Q

What is the pericardium

A

Heart sac,

67
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium

A

Fibrous and serous

68
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the pericardium

A

Tough outer sa that contains serous pericardium, a small amount of fluid and the heart

69
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

Parietal and visceral

70
Q

What is the parietal pericardium

A

Covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

71
Q

What is the visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium, attached firmly to the heart muscle, except where fat or vessels intervene

72
Q

What muscles prevent inversion or prolapse of the atrioventricular valves

A

Papillary muscles

73
Q

What do the papillary muscles attach to valves via

A

Chordae tendiane

74
Q

What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral

75
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid

76
Q

T or F: semilunar valves have papillary muscles

A

False

77
Q

What is systole

A

When heart contracts and pumps blood from chambers into the arteries

78
Q

What is diastole

A

When heart relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

79
Q

What is a grade I heart murmur

A

Very soft murmur only audible on listening carefully for some time

80
Q

What is a grade II heart murmur

A

Soft murmur that is audible with careful auscultation

81
Q

What is a grade III heart murmur

A

Moderate murmur immediately audible with auscultation

82
Q

What is a grade IV heart murmur

A

Loud murmur without a thrill

83
Q

What is a grade V heart murmur

A

Loud murmur with a palpable thrill

84
Q

What is a grade VI heart murmur

A

Audible with stethoscope held slightly off chest wall

85
Q

Each lung has a supply of what 3 structures

A

Artery, bronchus and vein

86
Q

label 1-3

A

Artery, bronchus, and vein

87
Q

The artery, bronchus, and vein that supply each lung should be smaller than __

A

A rib

88
Q

What breeds is patent ductus ateriosus common in

A

Maltese, poodles, poms, Bichon Frise, chihuahuas, GSD’s

89
Q

What is the classic machinery murmur

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

90
Q

What causes patent ductus arteriosus

A

Failure to close ductus ateriosus after birth. Important in utero so blood bypasses lungs that aren’t formed but should close after birth

91
Q

What is happening during PDA and what is the result

A

Pressure is greater in the aorta so blood is running from aorta back into pulmonary artery. Therefore it is going to go back to lungs and left side of the heart. It is going to overwhelm the left side of the heart resulting in left sided heart failure (marked by pulmonary edema)

92
Q

PDA if left untreated has a high mortality rate and causes ___ sided congestive heart failure

A

Left

93
Q

What are some treatment options for PDA

A

Surgical ligation or ductal occuluder

94
Q

What is heart failure

A

Clinical syndrome resulting form heart disease that causes inadequate circulation of blood to peripheral tissues

95
Q

What are the three categories of heart failure

A
  1. Myocardial failure/systolic dysfunction
  2. Valvular regurgitation or obstruction leading to volume overload
  3. Increased myocardial stiffness/diastolic dysfunction
96
Q

What does right sided heart failure cause

A

Backup of blood coming from abdomen—> inferior vena cava

97
Q

what is indicated by the arrow and what side of heart failure caused this

A

Ascites- fluid in abdomen caused by right sided heart failure

98
Q

What causes left sided heart failure

A

Issue with the lungs, fluid is going to the left side and joining with the lungs, getting backed up and causes pulmonary edema

99
Q

What is the problem here and what side heart failure is causing this

A

Pulmonary edema caused by left sided heart failure

100
Q

Which is indicated of left and right sided heart failure

A

Top: right sided heart failure (fluid in abdomen)

Bottom: left sided heart failure (pulmonary edema)

101
Q

What is congestive heart failure

A

Diminished cardiac function from edema, increased venous pressure

102
Q

what is wrong here

A

Congestive heart failure

103
Q

What is wrong here

A

Pulmonary congestion- pulmonary vessels increase in size

104
Q

What is wrong here

A

pericardial effusion

105
Q

What is the most common cause of pericardial effusion

A

Neoplasia

106
Q

Pericardial effusion can cause cardiac ___

A

Tamponade

107
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

Decreased venous return, ventricular filling, and cardiac output

108
Q

What intercostal space is pericardiocentesis performed

A

4-6th

109
Q

What lobes of the lung is the cardiac notch between

A

Right cranial and right middle

110
Q

What are two treatment options for pericardial effusion

A
  1. Subtotal pericardectomy/percardial window
  2. Pericardiocentesis via cardiac notch
111
Q

What is subtotal pericardectomy/pericardial window

A

Removal of part of the pericardium via a right lateral thoracotomy through 4-6th intercostal spaces

112
Q

Why can’t you remove all for the pericardium

A

Phrenic nerve attaches to part of pericardium and would lose innervation to diaphragm and die

113
Q

What structure is a lymphatic glandular organ responsible for T cell production

A

Thymus

114
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

Chest cavity, cranial to the heart

115
Q

What is thoracocentesis

A

Removal of fluid or air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

116
Q

Where do you NOT poke for a thoracocentesis

A

4-6th intercostal space

117
Q

When would you place a thoracostomy tube

A

Pleural effusion, pneumothorax or post-operative

118
Q

Why do you want to tunnel a thoracostomy tube

A

Barrier in the way from keeping air or something else from leaving

119
Q

What are the 3 parts of the diaphragm

A
  1. Lumbar
  2. Costal
  3. Sternal
120
Q

What part of the diaphragm forms the left and right crura. Also serve as tendinous attachments to bodies of L3 and L4

A

Lumbar

121
Q

What part of the diaphragm is from the medial surface of 8th-13th ribs. Interdigitates with transversus abdomimus muscle

A

Costal

122
Q

The costal region of the diaphragm interdigitates with what muscle

A

Transversus abdominus

123
Q

What part of the diaphragm run from the dorsal surface of the sternum. Have a cupola- dome shaped that bulges into the thorax, and a V shaped tendinosus center

A

Sternal

124
Q

The stomach is always next to what crus

A

Left crus

125
Q

When in left lateral what crus is cranial

A

Left crus

126
Q

When in right lateral what crus is cranial

A

Right

127
Q

What lateral are we in

A

Left

128
Q

What lateral are we in

A

right

129
Q

what is the Cupula

A

Dome shaped area that pushes air into thorac with air pressure

130
Q

patient is in left lateral, label 1-6

A
  1. Right crus
  2. Left crus
  3. Stomach
  4. Caudal vena cava
  5. Heart
  6. Cupola
131
Q

patient is in right lateral, label 1-6

A
  1. Right crus
  2. Left crus
  3. Stomach
  4. Cupula
  5. Heart
132
Q

label 1-5

A
  1. Caudal vena cava
  2. Cupula
  3. Right crus
  4. Left crus
  5. Cupula
133
Q

what is wrong here

A

Diaphragmatic hernia

134
Q

T or F: diaphragmatic hernias can be traumatic or congenital

A

True

135
Q

What is wrong here

A

Peritoneaopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

136
Q

T or F: peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernias can be traumatic or congenital

A

False, congenital communication between pericardial and peritoneal spaces

137
Q

What is peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

A

Congenital communication between pericardial and peritoneal spaces.

Abnormal development of transverse septum of diaphragm

138
Q

What develops abnormally and results in peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

A

Transverse septum of the diaphragm

139
Q

What nerve provides PNS control of heart, lungs and GI

A

Vagus

140
Q

What nerve provides motor control of the diaphragm

A

Phrenic

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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