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Clinical Anatomy > Lecture 11: Small Animal Head and Neck Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Small Animal Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Mesial

A

Towards the front of the mouth

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2
Q

What is buccal in oral terminology

A

Towards the cheek

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3
Q

What is lingual in oral terminology

A

Towards the tongue

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4
Q

What is labial in oral terminology

A

Towards the lips

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5
Q

What is the deciduous canine dental formula

A

3 13/3 13 =14

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6
Q

What is the canine permanent dental formula

A

3 1 42/3 1 4 3= 21

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7
Q

Total deciduous teeth in a dog

A

28

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8
Q

Total permanent teeth in a dog

A

42

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9
Q

When do the deciduous canine incisors erupt

A

4-6 weeks

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10
Q

When does the deciduous canines canine erupt

A

5-6 weeks

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11
Q

When do the deciduous premolars in canines erupt

A

6 weeks

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12
Q

When do the permanent incisors in a canine erupt

A

3-5 months

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13
Q

When do the permanent canines in a canine erupt

A

4-6 months

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14
Q

When do the permanent canine premolars erupt

A

4-5 months

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15
Q

When do the permanent canine molars erupt

A

5-7 months

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16
Q

What are the carnassial teeth

A

Upper premolar 4 and lower first molar

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17
Q

What is the feline deciduous dental formula

A

3 1 3/ 3 1 2=13

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18
Q

What is the feline permanent dental formula

A

3 1 3 1/ 3 1 2 1

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19
Q

Total deciduous teeth in cats

A

26

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20
Q

Total permanent teeth in cats

A

30

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21
Q

When do deciduous incisors erupt in cats

A

3-4 weeks

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22
Q

When do deciduous canines erupt in cats

A

3-4 weeks

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23
Q

When do deciduous premolars erupt in cats

A

6 weeks

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24
Q

When do permanent incisors erupt in cats

A

3.5-5.5 months

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25
Q

When do permanent canines erupt in cats

A

5.5-6.5 months

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26
Q

When do permanent premolars erupt in cats

A

4-5 months

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27
Q

When do permanent molars erupt in cats

A

5-6 months

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28
Q

What foramen does the rostral maxillary block enter

A

Infraorbital

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29
Q

What is the rostral maxillary block

A

Injection at the infraorbital canal to block feeling from the distal aspect of the upper premolar 3 to midline of the maxilla

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30
Q

What tooth does the rostral maxillary block numb from

A

upper pre molar 3

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31
Q

What is the caudal maxillary block

A

Injection behind the last molar to numb entire ipsilateral (same side) of the mouth to maxillary midline

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32
Q

What block would you want to give to numb entire half of maxilla

A

Caudal maxillary block

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33
Q

What foramen does the rostral mandibular block go through

A

Mental foramen

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34
Q

What is the rostral mandibular block

A

Numbers tissue from the mandibular second to third premolar rostral to the midline

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35
Q

The mental foramen lies ventral to the distal root of the mandibular ___

A

Second premolar

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36
Q

What foramen does the caudal mandibular block enter

A

Inferior alveolar

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37
Q

What is the caudal mandibular block

A

Block affects tissue from the third mandibular molar to midline

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38
Q

Which block is performed externally

A

Caudal mandibular block

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39
Q

what are two good landmarks for the caudal mandibular block

A
  1. Lateral canthus of the eye
  2. Where the mandible drops off/divets
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40
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ

A

Hinge joint

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41
Q

What two processes join at the TMJ

A
  1. Condyloid process of the mandible
  2. Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
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42
Q

Describe the correct vs incorrect placement of a nasogastric tube

A

Correct: ventromedial feeding of the tube to push up alar fold

Incorrect: dorsal feeding

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43
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Crossroads for the nasal cavity, oral cavity and airway

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44
Q

label 1-5

A
  1. Cricoid arch
  2. Corniculate process
  3. Cuneiform process
  4. Vocal folds
  5. Epiglottis
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45
Q

What nerve is damaged in laryngeal paralysis

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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46
Q

What nerve innervates almost all muscles of the larynx

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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47
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve branches off __

A

Vagus nerve

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48
Q

What is the surgical treatment for laryngeal paralysis

A

Cricoarytenoid lateralization (tie back sx)

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49
Q

How can you test/diagnose laryngeal paralysis endoscopically

A

Stimulate breathing and circoarytenoid apparatus should move but with laryngeal paralysis it wont

50
Q

What is the biggest risk of a tie back sx

A

Aspiration pneumonia

51
Q

What 4 things contribute to brachycephalic upper airway syndrome

A
  1. Stenosis nares
  2. Elongated soft palate
  3. Hypoplastic trachea
  4. Everted laryngeal saccules
52
Q

What are some treatment options for brachycephalic treatment

A
  1. Nares res section
  2. Palate surgery
53
Q

what is wrong here

A

Everted laryngeal saccules

54
Q

What causes everted laryngeal saccules

A

Chronic increased respiratory effort can evert the soft tissues between the vocal folds

55
Q

How does a thyroid slip work

A

Extend neck, place thumb and index finger alongside trachea and move downwards towards sternum. If there is a slip that indicates an enlarged thyroid gland

56
Q

How many parathyroid glands do animals have

A

2 external adn 2 internal

57
Q

What do parathyroid glands produce

A

PTH to increase Ca2+

58
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain

A

Carotid artery, jugular vein and vagus

59
Q

Which salivary glands have a ductal opening in the mandible/sublingual regions

A

Mandibular and sublingual glands

60
Q

Which salivary glands have ductal openings in the maxilla

A

Parotid and zygomatic

61
Q

What is a salivary mucocele

A

Accumulation of saliva that has leaked from an injured salivary gland or salivary duct. Leaked saliva accumulates within the tissues of the mouth and neck resulting in soft swelling

62
Q

What is a cervical mucocele

A

Swelling in the upper neck

63
Q

What is a sublingual mucocele (aka Ranula)

A

Swelling in the mouth, below and alongside the tongue

64
Q

What is a pharyngeal mucocele

A

Swelling in the pharynx

65
Q

What is a zygomatic mucocele

A

Swelling in the cheek area of below the eye

66
Q

What two veins need to be considered when removing the mandibular gland

A

Maxillary and lingofacial

67
Q

What is the aural blood supply

A

Medial, lateral and intermediate auricular branches

68
Q

How must sutures be placed during aural hematoma repairs

A

Parallel to the vessels to avoid avascular necrosis of the pinna

69
Q

What is wrong here

A

Pharyngeal polyp

70
Q

Pharyngeal polyps grow out of the ___

A

Middle ear

71
Q

What are the two places pharyngeal polyps can go

A

Ear canal or oral cavity

72
Q

Left is dog, right is cat. What is indicated by 1-2

A
  1. External ear
  2. Tympanic bulla
73
Q

What is the arrow pointing at

A

tympanic bulla

74
Q

what is wrong

A

Prolapsed third eyelid- cherry eye

75
Q

CN I name

A

Olfactory

76
Q

CN I function

A

Smell

77
Q

How to test CN I

A

Offer food or treats

78
Q

Abnormal findings of CN I

A

Ignores food multiple times

79
Q

CN II name

A

Optic

80
Q

CN II function

A

Vision

81
Q

How to test CN II

A

Menace response, ability to follow moving objects, navigate maze

82
Q

Abnormal findings in CN II

A

No blink during menace, does not notice of follow objects, bumps into things during maze

83
Q

CN III name

A

Oculomotor

84
Q

CN III function

A

Movement of globes and constriction of pupils

85
Q

How to test CN III

A

PLR’s, oculocephalic reflex

86
Q

Abnormal findings with CN III

A

Ventrolateral strabismus of globe, dilated pupil in affected eye is unresponsive to bright light

87
Q

CN IV name

A

Trochlear

88
Q

CN IV function

A

Medial rotation of the dorsal aspect of the globe

89
Q

How to test CN VI

A

Observe normal position of globe in orbit

90
Q

CN VI abnormal findings

A

Pupil and retinal vessels are deviated

91
Q

CN V name

A

Trigeminal

92
Q

CN V function

A

Proprioception and tactile innervation to the face, head, eyes and mouth. V3 does mastication muscles

93
Q

How to test CN V

A

Touch nares, periorbital region, cheeks, jaw. Palpate temporalis and masseter muscles, open jaw and test muscular resistance, observe eating

94
Q

Abnormal findings in CN V

A

Reduced or absent sensation over face and head when touched, atrophy of temporalis and masseter. Decreased jaw tone, dropped jaw, unable to close mouth with difficulty chewing or eating

95
Q

CN VI name

A

Abducens

96
Q

CN VI function

A

Lateral globe movement and retraction of globe

97
Q

How to test CN VI

A

Observe normal positioning of globe in orbit, retraction of globe with elevated of third eyelid gland when corneal surface is touched

98
Q

Abnormal findings in CN VI

A

Medial strabismus, globe is not retracted into orbit and third eyelid gland does not protrude

99
Q

CN VII name

A

Facial

100
Q

Function of CN VII

A

Motor to muscles of facial expression, sensory information from pinna, promotes salivation and lacrimation, transmit taste

101
Q

How to test CN VII

A

Observe muscular facial symmetry and movement, sensation when pinna touched, measure lacrimation, blink during menace

102
Q

Abnormal findings in CN VII

A

Facial drooping on one side of lips and ears, drooling from affected side, not able to blink

103
Q

CN VIII name

A

Vestibulocochlear

104
Q

CN VIII function

A

Hearing and balance

105
Q

How to test CN VIII

A

Response to noise, horizontal and vertical eye movement

106
Q

Abnormal findings of CN VIII

A

Deafness, head tilt, nystagmus

107
Q

CN IX name

A

Glosspharyngeal

108
Q

Function of CN IX

A

Motor and sensory information to the pharynx and larynx

109
Q

How to test CN IX

A

Gag reflex

110
Q

Abnormal findings of CN IX

A

Absent gag reflex, choking, swallowing difficulty

111
Q

CN X name

A

Vagus

112
Q

CN X function

A

Motor and sensory information to pharynx and larynx; PNS to thoracic and abdominal viscera

113
Q

How to test CN X

A

Gag reflex, blood pressure and heart rate

114
Q

Abnormal findings in CN X

A

Absent gag, choking, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, inspiratory dyspnea

115
Q

CN XI name

A

Accessory

116
Q

CN XI function

A

Motor innovation to shoulder muscles

117
Q

How to test CN XI

A

Observe normal muscle mass and tone, symmetrical muscles

118
Q

Abnormal findings in CN XI

A

Atrophy of muscle, weakness or difficulty turning neck

119
Q

CN XII name

A

Hypoglossal

120
Q

Function of CN XII

A

Motor to tongue

121
Q

How to test CN XII

A

Observe tongue movement and eating

122
Q

Abnormal findings in CN XII

A

Deviation of tongue towards side of lesion

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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