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Clinical Anatomy > Lecture 1: Small Animal Carpus and Forepaw > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Small Animal Carpus and Forepaw Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the carpus

A

Proximal carpal bones: ulnar, intermedioradial, accessory
Distal carpal bones: 1-4

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2
Q

What are the 3 sections of metacarpal bones from proximal to distal

A

Base, body, head

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3
Q

The 4th and 5th metacarpal bones articulate with which carpal bone

A

4th carpal bone

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4
Q

What are the 3 phalanges from proximal to distal

A

Proximal phalanges, middle phalanges, and distal phalanges

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5
Q

How many phalanges does the dewclaw have

A

2

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6
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones

A

Provide a smooth surface for fascia and act as levers/anchors and redistribute forces

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7
Q

what bones are indicated by red box

A

Carpal bones

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8
Q

what bones are indicated by the red box

A

Metacarpal bones

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9
Q

What bones are indicated below the red line

A

Phalanges

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10
Q

Case example: 8 month old, NM lab had box dropped on foot, immediately non-weight bearing lame. The following X-ray was took. What is causing lameness

A

Fractures to metacarpals 2-5

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11
Q

What are the primary weight bearing metacarpals

A

3rd and 4th

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12
Q

What are the secondary weight bearing metacarpals

A

2nd and 5th

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13
Q

When assessing the prior case with fractures to metacarpals 2-5, what digits are most important to stabilize and why

A

3rd and 4th as they are the primary weight bearing metacarpals

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14
Q

What can we do to treat the metacarpal fractures

A

Variety of options: pin, plate +/-splint

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15
Q

What would be the best treatment option for fractures to metacarpals 2 and 5 and why

A

Can just splint as they are not weight bearing toes

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16
Q

What two carpal ligaments are important for proper rotation of carpus

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

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17
Q

what carpal ligament is indicated by the arrow

A

Medial collateral ligament

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18
Q

what carpal ligaments are indicated by arrows (red vs purple dot to distinguish sides)

A

Red: medial collateral ligament
Purple: lateral collateral ligament

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19
Q

What structure prevents hyperextension of carpus and keeps paw in state of flexion

A

Palmar carpal fibrocartilage

20
Q

what is indicated by the blue arrow

A

Palmar carpal fibrocartilage

21
Q

What is indicated by blue arrow

A

Palmar carpal fibrocartilage

22
Q

Case example: 4yr, NM golden retriever jumped off 15ft sea well and acutely lame on right front. Right carpus is painful on flexion/extension and hyperextension of right carpus. X-ray shows the following. What could be the problem

A

Damage to carpometacaral joint, subluxation

23
Q

What are the three carpal joints

A
  1. Antebraciocarpal (radial)
  2. Intermediate (middle) carpal
  3. Carpometacarpal
24
Q

Which carpal joint permits majority of the flexion and extension of carpus

A

Antebrachiocarpal joints

25
Q

What two carpal joints lack mobility

A

Intermediate (middle)
Carpometacarpal

26
Q

identify the arrows most proximal to distal

A
  1. Antebrachiocarpal joint
  2. Intermediate (middle) carpal joint
  3. Carpometacarpal joint
27
Q

How can you treat a subluxated Carpometacarpal joint

A

Can pin joint in place as it does not naturally have much mobility

28
Q

Case example: 3 month old, Great Dane, progressive forelimb lameness. The following picture represents the position of Buster’s forelimbs. What could be wrong

A

Carpal joints are hyperflexing—> carpal laxity syndrome

29
Q

In what dogs is carpal laxity syndrome most common

A

Young growing dogs who have either over or under supplemented diets, poor footing and improper exercise in growing puppies

30
Q

During carpal laxity syndrome there is weakness and irregular tension between what muscle groups

A

Extensor and flexor muscle groups

31
Q

What is the treatment of carpal laxity syndrome

A

Nutritional food, appropriate exercise, PT, generally resolves over time

32
Q

Identify 1-5 flexors of carpus

A
  1. Superficial digital flexor
  2. Flexor carpi ulnaris
  3. Flexor carpi radialis
  4. Deep digital flexor
  5. Flexor retinaculum
33
Q

What nerves innervate the carpal flexors

A

Median and ulnar nerves

34
Q

identify the following extensors of carpus 1-3 and 6-7

A
  1. Extensor carpi radialis
  2. Common digital extensor
  3. Lateral digital extensor
  4. Abductor pollicus Longos
  5. Extensor retinaculum
35
Q

What nerves innervate the extensors of carpus

A

Radial nerve

36
Q

What nerves must be blocked for declawing procedure

A

Radial, median and dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve

37
Q

What is the correct site of declawing

A

Removal of third phalanx

38
Q

What is polydactyly

A

Elongated 1st digit, additional digits on medial side of paw

39
Q

What is the most important food pad for weight bearing

A

Metacarpal pad

40
Q

What layer of skin is burned off and what kind of burn

A

Epidermis is burned off, dermis still present—> partial thickness burn

41
Q

What is the angular limb deformity seen in this photo

A

Carpal valgus

42
Q

what angular limb deformity is seen in this photo

A

Carpal varus

43
Q

what percent of radial and ulnar growth comes from the following growth plates

A

Humeroradial plate: 40% of radial growth

Radiocarpal growth plate: 60% of radial growth

Olecranon growth plate only makes olecranon longer

Ulnar carpal growth plate: 85% of ulnar growth

44
Q

What happens to growth plates that can result in carpal valgus

A

Premature distal ulnar physeal closure therefore radial growth is unabated and results in angular changes

45
Q

What artery is a commonly used for blood pressure

A

Median artery

46
Q

what artery is indicated by #3

A

Median artery

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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