Lecture 7 - Fungi and their Classification Flashcards
- molds, mushrooms, lichen component, rusts, smuts and yeasts
- comprise eukaryotes with remarkable diverse life histories that make essential contributions to the biosphere, human industry, medicine and research
fungi
examples of fungi
- molds
- mushroomds
- lichen component
- rusts
- smuts
- yeast
fungi are __ and absrob nutrients from outside of their body
heterotrophs
as __, they can decompose dead matter
saprotrophs
contributes to fungi’s ecological success
versatility
Diverse lifestyles of fungi
- decomposers
- parasites
- mutualists
most common body structures of fungi
- multicellular filaments
- single cells (yeast)
what does the morphology of multicellular fungi enhance
ability to absorb nutrients
has a similar function in fungi to the roots of plants
mycelium
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
hyphae
fungi cell walls are made of what
chitin
elaborate fruiting body of fungi
mushrooms
Two types of hyphae
- aerial
- anchored
portion of the mycelium that anchors the mold and absorbs nutrients
- vegetative mycelium
- composed of vegetative hyphae
portion that produces asexual reproductive spores
- aerial mycelium
- composed of aerial hyphae
Two forms of hyphae
- septate hyphae
- coenocytic hyphae
smore fungi have hyphae divided into cells by __
septa
lack septa
coenocytic fungi
specialized hyphae in fungi that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host
haustoria
mutually beneficial relaitonships between fungi and plant roots
Mycorrhizae
- form sheath of hyphase over a root
- also grows into extracellular spaces of root cortex
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
extend hyphae through the cells walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of root cell membrane
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
other name for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Endomycorrhizal fungi
- far more common type
- hyphae penetrate root cells
Endomycorrhizae
hyphae do not penetrate root cells
Ectomycorrhizae
how do fungi propagate themselves
producing vast numbers of spores (sexually or asexually)
when can fungi produce spores
different types of life cycles
fungal nucleus with haploid chromosomes
mycelium
sexual reproduction of fungi
- mycelium
- plasmogamy
- heterokaryotic stage
- karyogamy
- meisosis
- germination
fusion of two parent mycelia
plasmogamy
unfused nuclei from different parents
heterokaryotic stage
fusion of nuclei
karyogamy
asxual reproduction of fungi
- mycelium
- spore-producing structures
- germination
fungal nuclei are normally __, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles
haploid
what does sexual reproduction require
fusion of hyphae from different mating types
- sexual signaling molecules
- used by fungi to communicate their mating type
pheromones
mycelium where the haploid cell nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away
heterokaryon
haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell
dikaryotic
how long can time pass before the occurence of karyogamy in fungi
- hours
- days
- even centuries
- short-lived phas
- undergoes meiosis
diploid phase
produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia
molds
- other fungi that can reproduce asexually
- inhabit moist environments
yeasts
where do yeasts inhabit
moist environments
instead of producing spores, how do yeasts reproduce asexually
- simple cell division
- piching of “bud cells” from parent cell
- certain molds and yeasts which have no known sexual stage
- imperfect fungi
deuteromycetes
can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae
filamentous fungi
formed from aerial hyphae and are used for both sexual and asexual reproduction
fungal spores
where are fungal spores formed from
aerial hyphae
- formed by aerial hyphae of one organism
- new organisms are identical to parent
asexual spores
Different types of asexual spores
- conidiospore
- chlamydospore
- sporangiospore
unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac
conidiospore
thick-walled spore formed within a hyphal segment
chlamydospore
asexual spore formed within a sac (sporangium)
sporangiospore
enclosed capsule that contains spores produced in fungi and many more species
Sporangium
- formed by the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species
- new organisms are different from both parents
sexual spores
the ancestor of fungi was probably what
single-celled, flagellated protist
clade formed by fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives
opisthokonts clade
forms the opisthokonts clade
- fungi
- animals
- protistan relatives
DNA evidence suggests that fungi are m ost closely related to unicellular __
nucleariids
animals are most closely related to unicellular __
choanoflagellates
age of oldest undisputed fossil of fungi
460 million years old
unicellular parasites of animals and protists
microsporidia
fungi were among the __ __ of land and probably formed __ __ with early land plants
- earliest colonizers
- mutualistic relationships
helped clarify evolutionary relationships among fungal groups, although areas of uncertainty remain
molecular analyses
life span of fungi
generally very short
life cycle of fungus
- begins spore
- lasts until germination
black bread mold
Rhizopus stolonifer
sexual reproduction of black bread mold
- spores
- dispersal and germination
- mating types (+,-)
- gametangia with haploid nuclei
- plasmogamy
- karyogamy
- meiosis
asexual structures that produce asexual spores
sporangia
sexual structures that produce sexual spores or the gametes
gametangia
example of some zygomycetes that can aim their sporangia toward conditions with good food sources
Pilobolus
- popularly known as the ‘pin molds’
- true fungi that form extended mycelia and diverse asexual and sexual spore structures
Zygomycetes
once considered zygomycetes
glomeromycetes
what do glomeromycetes form
arbuscular mycorrhizae
specialized cells or adhesion structures produced by fungi from which a penetration peg emerges that pierces or enters the host tissues
Appressoria
phylum of glomeromycetes
Glomeromycota
live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
ascomycetes
phylum of ascyomycetes
Asxomycota
sac-like structure that contains haploid ascospores
asci
- undergoes asexual reproduction frequently
- involves in the production of haploid conidiophores
ascocarp
ascomycetes are commonly known as what
sac fungi
size and complexity of ascomycetes
- yeasts
- cup fungi
- morels
tasty morel
Morchella esculenta
truffle
Tuber melanosporum
truffles that need to be cooked
black ones
truffles usually served raw
white ones
Sexual reproduction of ascomycete
- Mycelia
- Mating type
- Plasmogamy
- Karyogamy
- Meiosis
- 4 haploid nuclei
- ascocarp
Asexual reproduction of ascomycete
- Mycelia
- Myclium germination
- Conidiophore
- dispersal
- Conidia: mating type (-)
include mushrooms, puffbals, and shelf fungi, mutualists, and plant parasites
basidomycetes
phylum of basidomycetes
Basidiomycota
- clublike structure
- transient diploid stage in the life cycle
basidium
basidiomycetes are also called as what
club fungi
fungus with an odor like rotting meat
Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora)
important decomposers of wood
shelf fungi
bracket fungi
Ganoderma
how is Ganoderma used
- asian medicines
- bioremediation
what is usually included in the life cycle of a basidiomycete
long-lived dikaryotic mycelium
elaborate fruiting bodies of basidiomycete that are produced in response to environmental stimuli
basidiocarps
examples of basidiocarps
mushrooms
sexual spores from numerous basidia
basidiospores
difference between basidiomycete and other fungi
no asexual reproduction
basidiomycete life cycle
- basidiospores
- dispersal and germination
- haploid mycelia
- plasmogamy
- dikaryotic mycelium
- basidiocarp
- karyogay
- meiosis
caused by an individual fungus growing underground
Fairy rings
percent of harvested fruits and vegetables that are damaged by fungi
25-50%
what are the names of common fungal infections
- rots
- rust
- blights
- wilts
- smuts
prevents fungal growth on harvested fruits
Candida oleophila
used to make bread and wine
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
genetically engineered yeast strains are used to make proteins
Hepatitis B vaccine
produces anticancer drug taxol
Taxomyces
- produces cellulase
- used to make fruit juice
Trichoderma
used as probiotic becuse it kills other yeast
Saccharomyces boulardii
key roles that fungi play
- nutrient cycling
- ecological interactions
- human welfare
fungi are efficient __
decomposers
fungi form mutualistic relationships with what
- plants
- algae
- cyanobacteria
- animals
enormously important in natural systems and agriculture
mycorrhizae
live inside leaves or other parts
endophytes
what do endophytes make
toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens
what do some fungi share with animals
digestive services
symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
lichen
examples of lichens
- fruticose
- crustose
- foliose
shrublike lichen
fruticose
encrusting lichens
crustose
leaflike lichen
foliose
composed of filaments or plates of cells and ranges in size from a unicellular structure to a complex treelike form
thallus
most often fungal component of lichen
ascomycete
what occupies the inner layer below the lichen surface
algae or cyanobacteria
small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
soredia
how can fungi of lichens reproduce
sexually and asexually
lichens are important pioneers on what
new rock and soil surfaces
what does lichens indicate
good air quality
percent of fungi that are parasites or pathogens
30%
much less susceptible to parasitic fungi
animals
general term for fungal infection in animals
mycosis
examples of fungal diseases of plants
- corn smut on corn
- tar spot fungus on maple leaves
- ergots on rye
- anthracnose
example of antibiotics from fungi
Penicillium
where can insulin-like gorwth factor be produced
Saccharmocyes cerevisiae
circular area around the spot of the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow
Zone of inhibition
what is the phylum:
flagellated spores
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
what is the phylum:
resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage
Zygomycota (zygote fungi)
what is the phylum:
form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants
Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
what is the phylum:
- sexual spores (ascospores) born internally in sacs called asci
- also produce vast numbers of asexual spores (conidia)
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
sexual spores of Ascomycota
ascospores
asexual spores of Ascomycota
conidia
what is the phylum:
elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores
Basidiomycota (club fungi)