Lecture 7 - Fungi and their Classification Flashcards
1
Q
- molds, mushrooms, lichen component, rusts, smuts and yeasts
- comprise eukaryotes with remarkable diverse life histories that make essential contributions to the biosphere, human industry, medicine and research
A
fungi
2
Q
examples of fungi
A
- molds
- mushroomds
- lichen component
- rusts
- smuts
- yeast
3
Q
fungi are __ and absrob nutrients from outside of their body
A
heterotrophs
4
Q
as __, they can decompose dead matter
A
saprotrophs
5
Q
contributes to fungi’s ecological success
A
versatility
6
Q
Diverse lifestyles of fungi
A
- decomposers
- parasites
- mutualists
7
Q
most common body structures of fungi
A
- multicellular filaments
- single cells (yeast)
8
Q
what does the morphology of multicellular fungi enhance
A
ability to absorb nutrients
9
Q
has a similar function in fungi to the roots of plants
A
mycelium
10
Q
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
A
hyphae
11
Q
fungi cell walls are made of what
A
chitin
12
Q
elaborate fruiting body of fungi
A
mushrooms
13
Q
Two types of hyphae
A
- aerial
- anchored
14
Q
portion of the mycelium that anchors the mold and absorbs nutrients
A
- vegetative mycelium
- composed of vegetative hyphae
15
Q
portion that produces asexual reproductive spores
A
- aerial mycelium
- composed of aerial hyphae
16
Q
Two forms of hyphae
A
- septate hyphae
- coenocytic hyphae
17
Q
smore fungi have hyphae divided into cells by __
A
septa
18
Q
lack septa
A
coenocytic fungi
19
Q
specialized hyphae in fungi that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host
A
haustoria
20
Q
mutually beneficial relaitonships between fungi and plant roots
A
Mycorrhizae
21
Q
- form sheath of hyphase over a root
- also grows into extracellular spaces of root cortex
A
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
22
Q
extend hyphae through the cells walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of root cell membrane
A
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
23
Q
other name for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
A
Endomycorrhizal fungi
24
Q
- far more common type
- hyphae penetrate root cells
A
Endomycorrhizae
25
hyphae do not penetrate root cells
Ectomycorrhizae
26
how do fungi propagate themselves
producing vast numbers of spores (sexually or asexually)
27
when can fungi produce spores
different types of life cycles
28
fungal nucleus with haploid chromosomes
mycelium
29
sexual reproduction of fungi
1. mycelium
2. plasmogamy
3. heterokaryotic stage
4. karyogamy
5. meisosis
6. germination
30
fusion of two parent mycelia
plasmogamy
31
unfused nuclei from different parents
heterokaryotic stage
32
fusion of nuclei
karyogamy
33
asxual reproduction of fungi
1. mycelium
2. spore-producing structures
3. germination
34
fungal nuclei are normally __, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles
haploid
35
what does sexual reproduction require
fusion of hyphae from different mating types
36
- sexual signaling molecules
- used by fungi to communicate their mating type
pheromones
37
mycelium where the haploid cell nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away
heterokaryon
38
haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell
dikaryotic
39
how long can time pass before the occurence of karyogamy in fungi
- hours
- days
- even centuries
40
- short-lived phas
- undergoes meiosis
diploid phase
41
produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia
molds
42
- other fungi that can reproduce asexually
- inhabit moist environments
yeasts
43
where do yeasts inhabit
moist environments
44
instead of producing spores, how do yeasts reproduce asexually
- simple cell division
- piching of "bud cells" from parent cell
45
- certain molds and yeasts which have no known sexual stage
- imperfect fungi
deuteromycetes
46
can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae
filamentous fungi
47
formed from aerial hyphae and are used for both sexual and asexual reproduction
fungal spores
48
where are fungal spores formed from
aerial hyphae
49
- formed by aerial hyphae of one organism
- new organisms are identical to parent
asexual spores
50
Different types of asexual spores
1. conidiospore
2. chlamydospore
3. sporangiospore
51
unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac
conidiospore
52
thick-walled spore formed within a hyphal segment
chlamydospore
53
asexual spore formed within a sac (sporangium)
sporangiospore
54
enclosed capsule that contains spores produced in fungi and many more species
Sporangium
55
- formed by the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species
- new organisms are different from both parents
sexual spores
56
the ancestor of fungi was probably what
single-celled, flagellated protist
57
clade formed by fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives
opisthokonts clade
58
forms the opisthokonts clade
- fungi
- animals
- protistan relatives
59
DNA evidence suggests that fungi are m ost closely related to unicellular __
nucleariids
60
animals are most closely related to unicellular __
choanoflagellates
61
age of oldest undisputed fossil of fungi
460 million years old
62
unicellular parasites of animals and protists
microsporidia
63
fungi were among the __ __ of land and probably formed __ __ with early land plants
- earliest colonizers
- mutualistic relationships
64
helped clarify evolutionary relationships among fungal groups, although areas of uncertainty remain
molecular analyses
65
life span of fungi
generally very short
66
life cycle of fungus
- begins spore
- lasts until germination
67
black bread mold
_Rhizopus_ _stolonifer_
68
sexual reproduction of black bread mold
1. spores
2. dispersal and germination
3. mating types (+,-)
4. gametangia with haploid nuclei
5. plasmogamy
6. karyogamy
7. meiosis
69
asexual structures that produce asexual spores
sporangia
70
sexual structures that produce sexual spores or the gametes
gametangia
71
example of some zygomycetes that can aim their sporangia toward conditions with good food sources
_Pilobolus_
72
- popularly known as the 'pin molds'
- true fungi that form extended mycelia and diverse asexual and sexual spore structures
Zygomycetes
73
once considered zygomycetes
glomeromycetes
74
what do glomeromycetes form
arbuscular mycorrhizae
75
specialized cells or adhesion structures produced by fungi from which a penetration peg emerges that pierces or enters the host tissues
Appressoria
76
phylum of glomeromycetes
Glomeromycota
77
live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
ascomycetes
78
phylum of ascyomycetes
Asxomycota
79
sac-like structure that contains haploid ascospores
asci
80
- undergoes asexual reproduction frequently
- involves in the production of haploid conidiophores
ascocarp
81
ascomycetes are commonly known as what
sac fungi
82
size and complexity of ascomycetes
- yeasts
- cup fungi
- morels
83
tasty morel
_Morchella_ _esculenta_
84
truffle
_Tuber_ _melanosporum_
85
truffles that need to be cooked
black ones
86
truffles usually served raw
white ones
87
Sexual reproduction of ascomycete
1. Mycelia
2. Mating type
3. Plasmogamy
4. Karyogamy
5. Meiosis
6. 4 haploid nuclei
7. ascocarp
88
Asexual reproduction of ascomycete
1. Mycelia
2. Myclium germination
3. Conidiophore
4. dispersal
5. Conidia: mating type (-)
89
include mushrooms, puffbals, and shelf fungi, mutualists, and plant parasites
basidomycetes
90
phylum of basidomycetes
Basidiomycota
91
- clublike structure
- transient diploid stage in the life cycle
basidium
92
basidiomycetes are also called as what
club fungi
93
fungus with an odor like rotting meat
Maiden veil fungus (_Dictyphora_)
94
important decomposers of wood
shelf fungi
95
bracket fungi
_Ganoderma_
96
how is _Ganoderma_ used
- asian medicines
- bioremediation
97
what is usually included in the life cycle of a basidiomycete
long-lived dikaryotic mycelium
98
elaborate fruiting bodies of basidiomycete that are produced in response to environmental stimuli
basidiocarps
99
examples of basidiocarps
mushrooms
100
sexual spores from numerous basidia
basidiospores
101
difference between basidiomycete and other fungi
no asexual reproduction
102
basidiomycete life cycle
1. basidiospores
2. dispersal and germination
3. haploid mycelia
4. plasmogamy
5. dikaryotic mycelium
6. basidiocarp
7. karyogay
8. meiosis
103
caused by an individual fungus growing underground
Fairy rings
104
percent of harvested fruits and vegetables that are damaged by fungi
25-50%
105
what are the names of common fungal infections
- rots
- rust
- blights
- wilts
- smuts
106
prevents fungal growth on harvested fruits
_Candida_ _oleophila_
107
used to make bread and wine
_Saccharomyces_ _cerevisiae_
108
genetically engineered yeast strains are used to make proteins
Hepatitis B vaccine
109
produces anticancer drug taxol
_Taxomyces_
110
- produces cellulase
- used to make fruit juice
_Trichoderma_
111
used as probiotic becuse it kills other yeast
_Saccharomyces_ _boulardii_
112
key roles that fungi play
- nutrient cycling
- ecological interactions
- human welfare
113
fungi are efficient __
decomposers
114
fungi form mutualistic relationships with what
- plants
- algae
- cyanobacteria
- animals
115
enormously important in natural systems and agriculture
mycorrhizae
116
live inside leaves or other parts
endophytes
117
what do endophytes make
toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens
118
what do some fungi share with animals
digestive services
119
symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
lichen
120
examples of lichens
1. fruticose
2. crustose
3. foliose
121
shrublike lichen
fruticose
122
encrusting lichens
crustose
123
leaflike lichen
foliose
124
composed of filaments or plates of cells and ranges in size from a unicellular structure to a complex treelike form
thallus
125
most often fungal component of lichen
ascomycete
126
what occupies the inner layer below the lichen surface
algae or cyanobacteria
127
small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
soredia
128
how can fungi of lichens reproduce
sexually and asexually
129
lichens are important pioneers on what
new rock and soil surfaces
130
what does lichens indicate
good air quality
131
percent of fungi that are parasites or pathogens
30%
132
much less susceptible to parasitic fungi
animals
133
general term for fungal infection in animals
mycosis
134
examples of fungal diseases of plants
1. corn smut on corn
2. tar spot fungus on maple leaves
3. ergots on rye
4. anthracnose
135
example of antibiotics from fungi
_Penicillium_
136
where can insulin-like gorwth factor be produced
_Saccharmocyes_ _cerevisiae_
137
circular area around the spot of the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow
Zone of inhibition
138
what is the phylum:
flagellated spores
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
139
what is the phylum:
resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage
Zygomycota (zygote fungi)
140
what is the phylum:
form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants
Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
141
what is the phylum:
- sexual spores (ascospores) born internally in sacs called asci
- also produce vast numbers of asexual spores (conidia)
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
142
sexual spores of Ascomycota
ascospores
143
asexual spores of Ascomycota
conidia
144
what is the phylum:
elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
