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z - BIO103 - Microbiology > Lecture 7 - Fungi and their Classification > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Fungi and their Classification Flashcards

1
Q
  • molds, mushrooms, lichen component, rusts, smuts and yeasts
  • comprise eukaryotes with remarkable diverse life histories that make essential contributions to the biosphere, human industry, medicine and research
A

fungi

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2
Q

examples of fungi

A
  1. molds
  2. mushroomds
  3. lichen component
  4. rusts
  5. smuts
  6. yeast
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3
Q

fungi are __ and absrob nutrients from outside of their body

A

heterotrophs

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4
Q

as __, they can decompose dead matter

A

saprotrophs

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5
Q

contributes to fungi’s ecological success

A

versatility

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6
Q

Diverse lifestyles of fungi

A
  1. decomposers
  2. parasites
  3. mutualists
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7
Q

most common body structures of fungi

A
  • multicellular filaments
  • single cells (yeast)
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8
Q

what does the morphology of multicellular fungi enhance

A

ability to absorb nutrients

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9
Q

has a similar function in fungi to the roots of plants

A

mycelium

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10
Q

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

A

hyphae

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11
Q

fungi cell walls are made of what

A

chitin

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12
Q

elaborate fruiting body of fungi

A

mushrooms

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13
Q

Two types of hyphae

A
  1. aerial
  2. anchored
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14
Q

portion of the mycelium that anchors the mold and absorbs nutrients

A
  • vegetative mycelium
  • composed of vegetative hyphae
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15
Q

portion that produces asexual reproductive spores

A
  • aerial mycelium
  • composed of aerial hyphae
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16
Q

Two forms of hyphae

A
  1. septate hyphae
  2. coenocytic hyphae
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17
Q

smore fungi have hyphae divided into cells by __

A

septa

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18
Q

lack septa

A

coenocytic fungi

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19
Q

specialized hyphae in fungi that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host

A

haustoria

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20
Q

mutually beneficial relaitonships between fungi and plant roots

A

Mycorrhizae

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21
Q
  • form sheath of hyphase over a root
  • also grows into extracellular spaces of root cortex
A

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

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22
Q

extend hyphae through the cells walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of root cell membrane

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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23
Q

other name for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

Endomycorrhizal fungi

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24
Q
  • far more common type
  • hyphae penetrate root cells
A

Endomycorrhizae

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25
Q

hyphae do not penetrate root cells

A

Ectomycorrhizae

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26
Q

how do fungi propagate themselves

A

producing vast numbers of spores (sexually or asexually)

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27
Q

when can fungi produce spores

A

different types of life cycles

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28
Q

fungal nucleus with haploid chromosomes

A

mycelium

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29
Q

sexual reproduction of fungi

A
  1. mycelium
  2. plasmogamy
  3. heterokaryotic stage
  4. karyogamy
  5. meisosis
  6. germination
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30
Q

fusion of two parent mycelia

A

plasmogamy

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31
Q

unfused nuclei from different parents

A

heterokaryotic stage

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32
Q

fusion of nuclei

A

karyogamy

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33
Q

asxual reproduction of fungi

A
  1. mycelium
  2. spore-producing structures
  3. germination
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34
Q

fungal nuclei are normally __, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles

A

haploid

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35
Q

what does sexual reproduction require

A

fusion of hyphae from different mating types

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36
Q
  • sexual signaling molecules
  • used by fungi to communicate their mating type
A

pheromones

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37
Q

mycelium where the haploid cell nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away

A

heterokaryon

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38
Q

haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell

A

dikaryotic

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39
Q

how long can time pass before the occurence of karyogamy in fungi

A
  • hours
  • days
  • even centuries
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40
Q
  • short-lived phas
  • undergoes meiosis
A

diploid phase

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41
Q

produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia

A

molds

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42
Q
  • other fungi that can reproduce asexually
  • inhabit moist environments
A

yeasts

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43
Q

where do yeasts inhabit

A

moist environments

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44
Q

instead of producing spores, how do yeasts reproduce asexually

A
  • simple cell division
  • piching of “bud cells” from parent cell
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45
Q
  • certain molds and yeasts which have no known sexual stage
  • imperfect fungi
A

deuteromycetes

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46
Q

can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae

A

filamentous fungi

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47
Q

formed from aerial hyphae and are used for both sexual and asexual reproduction

A

fungal spores

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48
Q

where are fungal spores formed from

A

aerial hyphae

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49
Q
  • formed by aerial hyphae of one organism
  • new organisms are identical to parent
A

asexual spores

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50
Q

Different types of asexual spores

A
  1. conidiospore
  2. chlamydospore
  3. sporangiospore
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51
Q

unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac

A

conidiospore

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52
Q

thick-walled spore formed within a hyphal segment

A

chlamydospore

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53
Q

asexual spore formed within a sac (sporangium)

A

sporangiospore

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54
Q

enclosed capsule that contains spores produced in fungi and many more species

A

Sporangium

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55
Q
  • formed by the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species
  • new organisms are different from both parents
A

sexual spores

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56
Q

the ancestor of fungi was probably what

A

single-celled, flagellated protist

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57
Q

clade formed by fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives

A

opisthokonts clade

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58
Q

forms the opisthokonts clade

A
  • fungi
  • animals
  • protistan relatives
59
Q

DNA evidence suggests that fungi are m ost closely related to unicellular __

A

nucleariids

60
Q

animals are most closely related to unicellular __

A

choanoflagellates

61
Q

age of oldest undisputed fossil of fungi

A

460 million years old

62
Q

unicellular parasites of animals and protists

A

microsporidia

63
Q

fungi were among the __ __ of land and probably formed __ __ with early land plants

A
  • earliest colonizers
  • mutualistic relationships
64
Q

helped clarify evolutionary relationships among fungal groups, although areas of uncertainty remain

A

molecular analyses

65
Q

life span of fungi

A

generally very short

66
Q

life cycle of fungus

A
  • begins spore
  • lasts until germination
67
Q

black bread mold

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

68
Q

sexual reproduction of black bread mold

A
  1. spores
  2. dispersal and germination
  3. mating types (+,-)
  4. gametangia with haploid nuclei
  5. plasmogamy
  6. karyogamy
  7. meiosis
69
Q

asexual structures that produce asexual spores

A

sporangia

70
Q

sexual structures that produce sexual spores or the gametes

A

gametangia

71
Q

example of some zygomycetes that can aim their sporangia toward conditions with good food sources

A

Pilobolus

72
Q
  • popularly known as the ‘pin molds’
  • true fungi that form extended mycelia and diverse asexual and sexual spore structures
A

Zygomycetes

73
Q

once considered zygomycetes

A

glomeromycetes

74
Q

what do glomeromycetes form

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae

75
Q

specialized cells or adhesion structures produced by fungi from which a penetration peg emerges that pierces or enters the host tissues

A

Appressoria

76
Q

phylum of glomeromycetes

A

Glomeromycota

77
Q

live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

A

ascomycetes

78
Q

phylum of ascyomycetes

A

Asxomycota

79
Q

sac-like structure that contains haploid ascospores

A

asci

80
Q
  • undergoes asexual reproduction frequently
  • involves in the production of haploid conidiophores
A

ascocarp

81
Q

ascomycetes are commonly known as what

A

sac fungi

82
Q

size and complexity of ascomycetes

A
  • yeasts
  • cup fungi
  • morels
83
Q

tasty morel

A

Morchella esculenta

84
Q

truffle

A

Tuber melanosporum

85
Q

truffles that need to be cooked

A

black ones

86
Q

truffles usually served raw

A

white ones

87
Q

Sexual reproduction of ascomycete

A
  1. Mycelia
  2. Mating type
  3. Plasmogamy
  4. Karyogamy
  5. Meiosis
  6. 4 haploid nuclei
  7. ascocarp
88
Q

Asexual reproduction of ascomycete

A
  1. Mycelia
  2. Myclium germination
  3. Conidiophore
  4. dispersal
  5. Conidia: mating type (-)
89
Q

include mushrooms, puffbals, and shelf fungi, mutualists, and plant parasites

A

basidomycetes

90
Q

phylum of basidomycetes

A

Basidiomycota

91
Q
  • clublike structure
  • transient diploid stage in the life cycle
A

basidium

92
Q

basidiomycetes are also called as what

A

club fungi

93
Q

fungus with an odor like rotting meat

A

Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora)

94
Q

important decomposers of wood

A

shelf fungi

95
Q

bracket fungi

A

Ganoderma

96
Q

how is Ganoderma used

A
  • asian medicines
  • bioremediation
97
Q

what is usually included in the life cycle of a basidiomycete

A

long-lived dikaryotic mycelium

98
Q

elaborate fruiting bodies of basidiomycete that are produced in response to environmental stimuli

A

basidiocarps

99
Q

examples of basidiocarps

A

mushrooms

100
Q

sexual spores from numerous basidia

A

basidiospores

101
Q

difference between basidiomycete and other fungi

A

no asexual reproduction

102
Q

basidiomycete life cycle

A
  1. basidiospores
  2. dispersal and germination
  3. haploid mycelia
  4. plasmogamy
  5. dikaryotic mycelium
  6. basidiocarp
  7. karyogay
  8. meiosis
103
Q

caused by an individual fungus growing underground

A

Fairy rings

104
Q

percent of harvested fruits and vegetables that are damaged by fungi

A

25-50%

105
Q

what are the names of common fungal infections

A
  • rots
  • rust
  • blights
  • wilts
  • smuts
106
Q

prevents fungal growth on harvested fruits

A

Candida oleophila

107
Q

used to make bread and wine

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

108
Q

genetically engineered yeast strains are used to make proteins

A

Hepatitis B vaccine

109
Q

produces anticancer drug taxol

A

Taxomyces

110
Q
  • produces cellulase
  • used to make fruit juice
A

Trichoderma

111
Q

used as probiotic becuse it kills other yeast

A

Saccharomyces boulardii

112
Q

key roles that fungi play

A
  • nutrient cycling
  • ecological interactions
  • human welfare
113
Q

fungi are efficient __

A

decomposers

114
Q

fungi form mutualistic relationships with what

A
  • plants
  • algae
  • cyanobacteria
  • animals
115
Q

enormously important in natural systems and agriculture

A

mycorrhizae

116
Q

live inside leaves or other parts

A

endophytes

117
Q

what do endophytes make

A

toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

118
Q

what do some fungi share with animals

A

digestive services

119
Q

symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae

A

lichen

120
Q

examples of lichens

A
  1. fruticose
  2. crustose
  3. foliose
121
Q

shrublike lichen

A

fruticose

122
Q

encrusting lichens

A

crustose

123
Q

leaflike lichen

A

foliose

124
Q

composed of filaments or plates of cells and ranges in size from a unicellular structure to a complex treelike form

A

thallus

125
Q

most often fungal component of lichen

A

ascomycete

126
Q

what occupies the inner layer below the lichen surface

A

algae or cyanobacteria

127
Q

small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

A

soredia

128
Q

how can fungi of lichens reproduce

A

sexually and asexually

129
Q

lichens are important pioneers on what

A

new rock and soil surfaces

130
Q

what does lichens indicate

A

good air quality

131
Q

percent of fungi that are parasites or pathogens

A

30%

132
Q

much less susceptible to parasitic fungi

A

animals

133
Q

general term for fungal infection in animals

A

mycosis

134
Q

examples of fungal diseases of plants

A
  1. corn smut on corn
  2. tar spot fungus on maple leaves
  3. ergots on rye
  4. anthracnose
135
Q

example of antibiotics from fungi

A

Penicillium

136
Q

where can insulin-like gorwth factor be produced

A

Saccharmocyes cerevisiae

137
Q

circular area around the spot of the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow

A

Zone of inhibition

138
Q

what is the phylum:
flagellated spores

A

Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

139
Q

what is the phylum:
resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage

A

Zygomycota (zygote fungi)

140
Q

what is the phylum:
form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants

A

Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)

141
Q

what is the phylum:
- sexual spores (ascospores) born internally in sacs called asci
- also produce vast numbers of asexual spores (conidia)

A

Ascomycota (sac fungi)

142
Q

sexual spores of Ascomycota

A

ascospores

143
Q

asexual spores of Ascomycota

A

conidia

144
Q

what is the phylum:
elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores

A

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

z - BIO103 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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