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z - BIO103 - Microbiology > Lecture 2 - The Microbial World Importance > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - The Microbial World Importance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

life forms too small to be seen by the human eye

A

Microorganisms

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2
Q

Microorganisms are diverse in ___

A

form/function

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3
Q

Microorganisms __ every environment that supports life

A

inhabit

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4
Q

Microorganisms live in __ __

A

microbial communities

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5
Q

Microorganisms are the __ __ of life

A

oldest form

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6
Q

MIcroorganisms make up __ __ of Earth’s __

A
  • major fraction
  • biomass
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7
Q

living compartment that interacts with the enviornment and others

A

cell

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8
Q

barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

A

cytoplasmic (cell/plasma) membrane

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9
Q

matrix of macromolecules, small organics, ions, and ribosomes inside cell, with water as the major component

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

protein-synthesizing structures

A

ribosomes

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11
Q

prokaryotes have no ____ compartments (__), and no __

A
  • membrane-enclosed (organelle)
  • nucleus
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12
Q

In Prokaryotic Cells:
DNA is not enclosed with __ __

A

nuclear membrane

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13
Q

In Prokaryotic Cells:
a __ __ chromosome

A

singular circular

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14
Q

In Prokaryotic Cells:
__ associated with __ proteins

A
  • not
  • histone
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15
Q

In Prokaryotic Cells:
cell walls usully contain __, a complex polyssacharide, or __ or __

A
  • peptidoglycan
  • psuedopeptidoglycan
  • S-layer
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16
Q

In Prokaryotic Cells:
divide by __ __

A

binary fission

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17
Q

In Eukaryotic Cells:
DNA is enclosed with a __ __

A

nuclear membrane

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18
Q

In Eukaryotic Cells:
__ __ chromosomes

A

several linear

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19
Q

In Eukaryotic Cells:
Associated with __ and other proteins

A

histones

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20
Q

In Eukaryotic Cells:
Divide by __

A

mitosis

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21
Q

a cell’s full completement of genes

A

genome

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22
Q

confer special properties in prokaryotes

A

plasmids

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23
Q

What are the properties of microbial cells

A
  1. metabolism
  2. growth
  3. evolution
  4. differentiation
  5. communication
  6. genetic exchange
  7. motility
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24
Q

cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel wastes

A

metabolism

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25
Q

replication, transcription, translation

A

genetic

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26
Q

genetic

A

replication, transcription, translation

27
Q

energy, biosyntheses

A

catalytic

28
Q

nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells

A

growth

29
Q

cells evolve to display new properties

A

evolution

30
Q

capture evolutionory relationships

A

phylogenetic trees

31
Q

some cells can from new cell structures such as a spore

A

differentiation

32
Q
  • have thick walls
  • can resist high temperatures, humidity, and other environmental conditions
A

Spores

33
Q

cells interact with each other by chemical messengers

A

communication

34
Q

cells can exchange genes by several mechnisms

A

genetic exchange

35
Q

some cells are capable of self-propulsion

A

motility

36
Q

earth is __ __ years old

A

4.6 billion

37
Q

first cells appeared between __ and __ __ years ago

A

3.8 and 4.3 billion

38
Q

no O2

A

anoxic

39
Q

When did the first anoxygenic phototrophs appear

A

Approx. 3.6 billion years ago

40
Q

plants and animals appeared approx. __ __ years ago

A

0.5 billion

41
Q

at its origin, earth was __

A

sterile

42
Q

began the slow oxygenation of earth

A

cyanobacteria

43
Q

cyanobacteria appeared about __ __ years ago

A

3 billion

44
Q

current levels of O2 in the atmosphere were not achieved until ____ __ years ago

A

500-800 million

45
Q

three domains of cellular organisms

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. eukarya
46
Q

__ and __ diverged long before eukaryotic cells appear in fossil record

A
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
47
Q

live in habitats too harsh for other life forms

A

extremophiles

48
Q

refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment

A

ecosystem

49
Q

study of microbes in their natural environment

A

microbial ecology

50
Q

Contribution of microbial cells to global biomass:
Carbon

A

20% microbial
80% plant

51
Q

major cellular sources using carbon

A
  • plant cell walls
  • protein
  • RNA
  • DNA
  • membranes
  • peptidoglycan
52
Q

Contribution of microbial cells to global biomass:
Nitrogen

A

80% microbial
20% plant

53
Q

major cellular sources using nitrogen

A
  • protein
  • RNA
  • DNA
  • peptidoglycan
54
Q

Contribution of microbial cells to global biomass:
Phosphorus

A

80% microbial
20% plant

55
Q

major cellular sources using phosphorus

A
  • RNA
  • DNA
  • membranes
56
Q

Extreme high temperature

A

Hyperthermophile

57
Q

Extreme low temperature

A

Psychrophile

58
Q

Extreme low pH

A

Acidophile

59
Q

Extreme high pH

A

Alkaliphile

60
Q

Extreme pressure

A

Barophile (piezophile)

61
Q

Extreme Salt (NaCl)

A

Halophile

62
Q

process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring

A

horizontal gene transfer

63
Q

What are three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

A
  • transformation
  • transduction
  • conjugation

z - BIO103 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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