Lecture 2B - Introduction to the Microbial World Flashcards
Microorganisms can be both __ and __ to humans
- beneficial
- harmful
What are microbial communities essential for
- food chain health
- food security
- climate change mitigation
Soil microbial communities differ:
- __ form __ in the soil to connect plants
- __ are near __ __
- fungi form spider webs
- bacteria are near plant roots
Microbes in __ communities are __ for fish
- phytoplankton
- food
Fish have microbial communities that __ their __
- support
- health
some microbial compounds acculumate in __ and cause __ __
- shellfish
- food poisioning
single-celled algae are a __ __ for us
food source
some bacteria help __ __ and __ plants against __
- crop growth
- defend
- diseases
some microbes can cause __ __ and __ __, in the right environment
- plant disease
- food losses
animals have microbial communities that are __ of the animal’s __
- supportive
- health
wrong food storage causes food to go __ as mould take over the __ __. These microbes often cause __ __
- rotten
- microbial community
- food poisoning
rotting of food means microbes __ __ so that __ can be __ __ into the environment
- recycle food
- nutrients
- released back
microbial infections are common when __ __ are weak
immune systems
humans have many __ __ __: our __ __ is influenced by the food we eat
- beneficial microbial communities
- gut bacteria
foods like __ and __ are rich in __ __ that outnumber those microbes which cause food go __. In food production, __ are often used for __ and __
- yoghurt and sauerkraut
- beneficial bacteria
- rotten
- yeasts
- bread and beer
Why Microbiology is the most important Biology class you will take (besides evolution)
- It will make you see the world differently
- You can’t know what a living being is until you understand microbes
Types of metabolism
- photoautotroph
- photoheterotroph
- organoheterotroph
- lithoautotroph
- lithoheterotroph
- fermentation
- anaerobic respiration
carbon source:
photoautotroph
CO2
energy source:
photoautotroph
light
ex. of photoautotroph
cyanobacteria
carbon source:
photoheterotroph
organic molecules
energy source:
photoheterotroph
light
carbon source:
organoheterotroph
organic molecules
energy source:
organoheterotroph
organic molecules
ex. of organoheterotroph
E. coli
carbon source:
lithoautotroph
CO2
energy source:
lithoautotroph
inorganic molecules
lithoheterotroph
- NH4
- H2 sulfur
- caves
carbon source:
lithoheterotroph
organic molecules
energy source:
lithoheterotroph
inorganic molecules
carbon source:
fermentation
organic molecules
energy source:
fermentation
organic molecules
ex. of fermentation organisms
- lactic acid bacteria
- yeast
carbon source:
anaerobic respiration
either CO2 or organic molecules
energy source:
anaerobic respiration
either light, organic, or inorganic
ex. of anaerobic respiration
- Uses SO4
- metals
- NO3 in place of oxygen
what occurs when two groups of the same species evolve different traits within those groups in order to accommodate for differing environmental and social pressures
Divergent evolution (evolutionary divergence)
different metabolic strategies that organisms have evolved to obtain energy
metabolic diversity
eukaryotes are __ __
bacteria houses
physiological capabilities
- high acid
- high pressure
- high temperature
- freezing temperature
- alkaline environments
- high salt
- high radiation resistance
in marine environments, __ __ __ contributes substantially to CO2 sequestration
microbial primary production
marine microorganisms also __ __ for use in the marine food web and in the process __ __ to the atmosphere
- recycle nutrients
- release CO2
in terrestrial environments, microorganisms are __ __ of organic matter and release nutrients in hte soil for plant growth
key decomposers
microbial biomass and other organic matter are converted to __ __ over millions of years
fossil fuels
What do the many effects of human activities, combined with local environment factors, greatly influence? (to other microorganisms, plants, and animals)
- complex network
- microbial interactions
- persistent layers in the water column that have low oxygen concentration due to biological, chemical, and physical processes
- As oceans warm, these increase in number and size across the globe
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZ)
renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals
Biomass
