Lecture 2B - Introduction to the Microbial World

Question 1

Microorganisms can be both __ and __ to humans

Answer 1

• beneficial
• harmful

Question 2

What are microbial communities essential for

Answer 2

• food chain health
• food security
• climate change mitigation

Question 3

Soil microbial communities differ:
- __ form __ in the soil to connect plants
- __ are near __ __

Answer 3

• fungi form spider webs
• bacteria are near plant roots

Question 4

Microbes in __ communities are __ for fish

Answer 4

• phytoplankton
• food

Question 4

Fish have microbial communities that __ their __

Answer 4

• support
• health

Question 4

some microbial compounds acculumate in __ and cause __ __

Answer 4

• shellfish
• food poisioning

Question 5

single-celled algae are a __ __ for us

Answer 5

food source

Question 6

some bacteria help __ __ and __ plants against __

Answer 6

• crop growth
• defend
• diseases

Question 7

some microbes can cause __ __ and __ __, in the right environment

Answer 7

• plant disease
• food losses

Question 8

animals have microbial communities that are __ of the animal’s __

Answer 8

• supportive
• health

Question 9

wrong food storage causes food to go __ as mould take over the __ __. These microbes often cause __ __

Answer 9

• rotten
• microbial community
• food poisoning

Question 10

rotting of food means microbes __ __ so that __ can be __ __ into the environment

Answer 10

• recycle food
• nutrients
• released back

Question 11

microbial infections are common when __ __ are weak

Answer 11

immune systems

Question 12

humans have many __ __ __: our __ __ is influenced by the food we eat

Answer 12

• beneficial microbial communities
• gut bacteria

Question 13

foods like __ and __ are rich in __ __ that outnumber those microbes which cause food go __. In food production, __ are often used for __ and __

Answer 13

• yoghurt and sauerkraut
• beneficial bacteria
• rotten
• yeasts
• bread and beer

Question 14

Why Microbiology is the most important Biology class you will take (besides evolution)

Answer 14

1. It will make you see the world differently
2. You can’t know what a living being is until you understand microbes

Question 15

Types of metabolism

Answer 15

1. photoautotroph
2. photoheterotroph
3. organoheterotroph
4. lithoautotroph
5. lithoheterotroph
6. fermentation
7. anaerobic respiration

Question 16

carbon source:
photoautotroph

Answer 16

CO2

Question 17

energy source:
photoautotroph

Answer 17

light

Question 18

ex. of photoautotroph

Answer 18

cyanobacteria

Question 19

carbon source:
photoheterotroph

Answer 19

organic molecules

Question 20

energy source:
photoheterotroph

Answer 20

light

Question 21

carbon source:
organoheterotroph

Answer 21

organic molecules

Question 22

energy source:
organoheterotroph

Answer 22

organic molecules

Question 23

ex. of organoheterotroph

Answer 23

E. coli

Question 24

carbon source: lithoautotroph

Answer 24

CO2

Question 25

energy source: lithoautotroph

Answer 25

inorganic molecules

Question 26

lithoheterotroph

Answer 26

- NH4 - H2 sulfur - caves

Question 27

carbon source: lithoheterotroph

Answer 27

organic molecules

Question 28

energy source: lithoheterotroph

Answer 28

inorganic molecules

Question 29

carbon source: fermentation

Answer 29

organic molecules

Question 30

energy source: fermentation

Answer 30

organic molecules

Question 31

ex. of fermentation organisms

Answer 31

- lactic acid bacteria - yeast

Question 32

carbon source: anaerobic respiration

Answer 32

either CO2 or organic molecules

Question 33

energy source: anaerobic respiration

Answer 33

either light, organic, or inorganic

Question 34

ex. of anaerobic respiration

Answer 34

- Uses SO4 - metals - NO3 in place of oxygen

Question 35

what occurs when two groups of the same species evolve different traits within those groups in order to accommodate for differing environmental and social pressures

Answer 35

Divergent evolution (evolutionary divergence)

Question 36

different metabolic strategies that organisms have evolved to obtain energy

Answer 36

metabolic diversity

Question 37

eukaryotes are __ __

Answer 37

bacteria houses

Question 38

physiological capabilities

Answer 38

- high acid - high pressure - high temperature - freezing temperature - alkaline environments - high salt - high radiation resistance

Question 39

in marine environments, __ __ __ contributes substantially to CO2 sequestration

Answer 39

microbial primary production

Question 40

marine microorganisms also __ __ for use in the marine food web and in the process __ __ to the atmosphere

Answer 40

- recycle nutrients - release CO2

Question 41

in terrestrial environments, microorganisms are __ __ of organic matter and release nutrients in hte soil for plant growth

Answer 41

key decomposers

Question 42

microbial biomass and other organic matter are converted to __ __ over millions of years

Answer 42

fossil fuels

Question 43

What do the many effects of human activities, combined with local environment factors, greatly influence? (to other microorganisms, plants, and animals)

Answer 43

- complex network - microbial interactions

Question 44

- persistent layers in the water column that have low oxygen concentration due to biological, chemical, and physical processes - As oceans warm, these increase in number and size across the globe

Answer 44

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZ)

Question 45

renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals

Answer 45

Biomass