Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

z - BIO103 - Microbiology > Lecture 6C - Archaea > Flashcards

Lecture 6C - Archaea Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Five phyla of Archaea

A
  1. Crenarchaeota
  2. Euryarchaeota
  3. Korarchaeota
  4. Thaumarchaeota
  5. Nanoarchaeota
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

additional phyla proposed by recent report

A
  1. Aigarchaeota
  2. Bathyarchaeota
  3. Geoarchaeota
  4. Lokiarchaeota
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • aquatic organisms
  • are thought to be the most abundant microorganisms in the oceans
  • Most, but not all, are hyperthermophiles
  • some of them (notably, the genus Pyrolobus) are able to grow at temperatures up to 113 °C
A

Crenarchaeota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

meaning of Crenarchaeota

A

scalloped archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do Crenarchaeotes synthesize

A

crenarchaeol, tetraether lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of Crenarchaeotes

A
  1. Sulfolobus solfataricus
  2. Pyrolobus fumarii
  3. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

can be isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy and grows at 80C and pH of 2-4

A

Sulfolobus solfataricus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • very diverse with 7 classes
  • appears to be the only phylum of Archaea associated with humans
A

Euryarchaeota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 7 classes of Euryarchaeota

A
  1. Methanococcus
  2. Methanobacteria
  3. Halobacteria
  4. Thermoplasmata
  5. Thermococci
  6. Archaeglobi
  7. Methanopyri
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

on the basis of habitat, euryarchaeota are divided into the following:

A
  1. methanogens
  2. extreme halophiles
  3. sulphate reducers
  4. extreme thermophiles with sulfur
  5. dependent metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many orders and families are there in Euryarchaeota

A

9 orders
15 families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions
  • strictly anaerobic
  • killed when exposed to O2
  • reduce CO2 using H2 and release CH4 in swamps and marshes
A

methanogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are methanogens found

A
  • mud at bottom of lakes and swamps
  • gut of some herbivores like cows, humans, dead & decaying matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

importance of methanogens

A

added to biogas reactors for production of CH4 gas for cooking and sewage treatment plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of methanogens

A
  • Methanofollis aquaemaris
  • M. ethanolicus
  • M. formosanus
  • M. liminatans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • salt loving
  • require salty environment for survival
A

halophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are halophiles found

A
  • salts lakes
  • Great Salt lake in US
  • Dead sea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

halophiles can live in water with how much salt

A

concentrations exceeding 15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

salt concentration of ocean

A

roughly 4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

example of halophiles

A
  • Halobacterium
  • H. salinarum
  • H. denitrificans
  • H. halobium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

require hot water but differ in other habitat needs

A

thermophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

some thermophiles thrive where

A
  • only acidic water
  • require sulfur or calcium carbonate
  • alkaline springs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

specific terms for thermophiles

A
  1. thermoacidophile
  2. hyperthermophile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • heat and acid lover
  • aerobic and anaerobic
A

thermoacidophile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

extreme heat lover

A

hyperthermophile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • currently holds the record for high-temperature growth
  • can grow in temperatures up to 113C
A

Pyrolobus fumarii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • also known as xenarchaeota
  • have only been found in high temperature hydrothermal environments
  • most abundant in springs with pH 5.7 to 7.0
  • originally discovered by microbial community analysis of ribosomal RNA genes from environmental samples of hot spring in YNP
A

Korarchaeota

28
Q

Korarchaeota word meaning

A

Greek
koros or kore = “young man” or “young woman”
archaios = ancient

29
Q

Korarchaeota were most abundant in springs with how much pH

A

5.7 to 7.0

30
Q
  • all organisms identified are chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers
  • play important roles in biogeochemical cycles such as nitrogen and carbon cycle
A

Thaumarchaeota

31
Q

Thaumarchaeota name meaning

A

Greek
thaumas = wonder

32
Q

when was Thaumarchaeota proposed

A

2008

33
Q

organisms in the phylum Thaumarchaeota are what

A

chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers

34
Q

Thaumarchaeota organisms play important roles in what biogeochemical cycles

A

nitrogen cycle
carbon cycle

35
Q

what was found in Thaumarchaeota that were previously thought to be unique in eukaryotes

A

type I topoisomerase

36
Q
  • inhabit high-temperature environments with optimal growth of 90C
  • highly unusual because they grow and divide on the surface of another archaea, Ignicoccus
  • contain both smallest known living cell and smalles known genome
A

Nanoarchaeota

37
Q

Nanoarchaeota name meaning

A

Greek
old dwarf

38
Q

optimal temperature for growth of Nanoarchaeota

A

90 C

39
Q

where does the Nanoarchaeota grow and divide

A

surface of Ignicoccus

40
Q

size of Nanoarchaeota

A

0.4 µm (1/100th size of E. coli)

41
Q

genome of Nanoarchaeota

A

480 kilobases

42
Q
  • distributed in geothermal environments
  • ecological and physiological importance not well understood
  • originated from thermal habitats revealed from comparative genomics of Thaumarchaeota
  • facultative or strictly anaerobic lifestyle with the ability to oxidize sulfide to gain energy for growth
A

Aigarchaota

43
Q

Aigarchaota comparative genomics with __ revealed that both originated from thermal habitats

A

Thaumarchaeota

44
Q

how many genes do Aigarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota share with their common ancestor

A

1154 genes

45
Q
  • widespread in anoxic sediments
  • prevalent in subsurface sediments, but is known to be widely distributed in nature
  • wide metabolic capabilities including acetogenesis, methane metabolism, dissimilatory nitrogen and sulfur reduction
  • diverse substrates for anaerobic utilization
A

Bathyarchaeota

46
Q

how many subgroups diverged in Bathyarchaeota to adpots to marine and freshwater environments

A

25 groups

47
Q

metabolic capabilities of Bathyarchaeota

A
  1. acetogenesis
  2. methane metabolism
  3. dissimilatory nitrogen and sulfur reduction
48
Q

where are Bathyarchaeota widespread

A

anoxic sediments

49
Q
  • also referred to as novel archaeal group 1
  • moderately acidic, high-temperature, high-ferrous Fe and hypoxic to oxic conditions appear to define niche
  • contains the most deeply rooted protoglobin known to date
  • appears to provide an evolutionary linkage to higher globins such as hemoglobin that are thought to have evolved from ancectral protoglobin
A

Geoarchaeota

50
Q

Geoarchaeota name meaning

A

Geo = earth

51
Q

Geoarchaeota is also referred as

A

novel archaeal group 1 (NAG1)

52
Q

niche of Geoarchaeota

A
  • moderately acidic
  • high-temperature
  • high-ferrous Fe
  • hypoxic to oxic conditions
53
Q

Geoarchaeota contain the most deeply rooted __ known to date

A

protoglobin

54
Q

what did the Geoarchaeota gene analysis for isoprenoid biosynthesis reveal

A

farnesylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

55
Q

new proposed lineage from the TACK superphylum whose genome encodes many eukaryote-specific features

A

Lokiarchaeota

56
Q

what does the genome of Lokiarchaeota do

A

encode many eukaryote-specific features

57
Q

Lokiarchaeota is a new proposed lineage from what superphylum

A

TACK superphylum

58
Q

16srDNA sequences of Lokiarchaeota belonged to the gamma clade of what

A

Deep-Sea Archaeal Group/Marine Benthic Group B

59
Q

where did the name Lokiarchaeota and Lokiarchaeum come from

A

Loki’s Castle29, sampling location

60
Q

Norse mythology shape-shifting diety

A

Loki

61
Q

Archaea:
role in chemical cycles

A
  • carbon cycle
  • nitrogen cycle
  • sulfur cycle
    etc.
62
Q

Archaea:
help in researchers

A

ability to tolerate extreme conditions help learn about climatic conditions, environment, and their survival on ancient earth

63
Q

Archaea:
antibiotics

A

hosts new class of potentially useful antibiotics

64
Q
  • carry out anaerobic digestion and produce biogas
  • can decompose/grow in biogas fermentors
A

methanogenic archaea

65
Q

extract gold, copper and cobalt from their ores

A

acidophilic archaea

66
Q

what do acidophilic archaea extract

A
  • gold
  • copper
  • cobalt

z - BIO103 - Microbiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions