Lecture 6C - Archaea Flashcards
1
Q
Five phyla of Archaea
A
- Crenarchaeota
- Euryarchaeota
- Korarchaeota
- Thaumarchaeota
- Nanoarchaeota
2
Q
additional phyla proposed by recent report
A
- Aigarchaeota
- Bathyarchaeota
- Geoarchaeota
- Lokiarchaeota
3
Q
- aquatic organisms
- are thought to be the most abundant microorganisms in the oceans
- Most, but not all, are hyperthermophiles
- some of them (notably, the genus Pyrolobus) are able to grow at temperatures up to 113 °C
A
Crenarchaeota
4
Q
meaning of Crenarchaeota
A
scalloped archaea
5
Q
what do Crenarchaeotes synthesize
A
crenarchaeol, tetraether lipid
6
Q
Examples of Crenarchaeotes
A
- Sulfolobus solfataricus
- Pyrolobus fumarii
- Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
7
Q
can be isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy and grows at 80C and pH of 2-4
A
Sulfolobus solfataricus
8
Q
- very diverse with 7 classes
- appears to be the only phylum of Archaea associated with humans
A
Euryarchaeota
9
Q
what are the 7 classes of Euryarchaeota
A
- Methanococcus
- Methanobacteria
- Halobacteria
- Thermoplasmata
- Thermococci
- Archaeglobi
- Methanopyri
10
Q
on the basis of habitat, euryarchaeota are divided into the following:
A
- methanogens
- extreme halophiles
- sulphate reducers
- extreme thermophiles with sulfur
- dependent metabolism
11
Q
how many orders and families are there in Euryarchaeota
A
9 orders
15 families
12
Q
- produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions
- strictly anaerobic
- killed when exposed to O2
- reduce CO2 using H2 and release CH4 in swamps and marshes
A
methanogens
13
Q
where are methanogens found
A
- mud at bottom of lakes and swamps
- gut of some herbivores like cows, humans, dead & decaying matter
14
Q
importance of methanogens
A
added to biogas reactors for production of CH4 gas for cooking and sewage treatment plants
15
Q
Examples of methanogens
A
- Methanofollis aquaemaris
- M. ethanolicus
- M. formosanus
- M. liminatans
16
Q
- salt loving
- require salty environment for survival
A
halophiles
17
Q
where are halophiles found
A
- salts lakes
- Great Salt lake in US
- Dead sea
18
Q
halophiles can live in water with how much salt
A
concentrations exceeding 15%
19
Q
salt concentration of ocean
A
roughly 4%
20
Q
example of halophiles
A
- Halobacterium
- H. salinarum
- H. denitrificans
- H. halobium
21
Q
require hot water but differ in other habitat needs
A
thermophiles
22
Q
some thermophiles thrive where
A
- only acidic water
- require sulfur or calcium carbonate
- alkaline springs
23
Q
specific terms for thermophiles
A
- thermoacidophile
- hyperthermophile
24
Q
- heat and acid lover
- aerobic and anaerobic
A
thermoacidophile
25
extreme heat lover
hyperthermophile
26
- currently holds the record for high-temperature growth
- can grow in temperatures up to 113C
_Pyrolobus_ _fumarii_
27
- also known as xenarchaeota
- have only been found in high temperature hydrothermal environments
- most abundant in springs with pH 5.7 to 7.0
- originally discovered by microbial community analysis of ribosomal RNA genes from environmental samples of hot spring in YNP
Korarchaeota
28
Korarchaeota word meaning
Greek
koros or kore = "young man" or "young woman"
archaios = ancient
29
Korarchaeota were most abundant in springs with how much pH
5.7 to 7.0
30
- all organisms identified are chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers
- play important roles in biogeochemical cycles such as nitrogen and carbon cycle
Thaumarchaeota
31
Thaumarchaeota name meaning
Greek
thaumas = wonder
32
when was Thaumarchaeota proposed
2008
33
organisms in the phylum Thaumarchaeota are what
chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers
34
Thaumarchaeota organisms play important roles in what biogeochemical cycles
nitrogen cycle
carbon cycle
35
what was found in Thaumarchaeota that were previously thought to be unique in eukaryotes
type I topoisomerase
36
- inhabit high-temperature environments with optimal growth of 90C
- highly unusual because they grow and divide on the surface of another archaea, Ignicoccus
- contain both smallest known living cell and smalles known genome
Nanoarchaeota
37
Nanoarchaeota name meaning
Greek
old dwarf
38
optimal temperature for growth of Nanoarchaeota
90 C
39
where does the Nanoarchaeota grow and divide
surface of Ignicoccus
40
size of Nanoarchaeota
0.4 µm (1/100th size of E. coli)
41
genome of Nanoarchaeota
480 kilobases
42
- distributed in geothermal environments
- ecological and physiological importance not well understood
- originated from thermal habitats revealed from comparative genomics of Thaumarchaeota
- facultative or strictly anaerobic lifestyle with the ability to oxidize sulfide to gain energy for growth
Aigarchaota
43
Aigarchaota comparative genomics with __ revealed that both originated from thermal habitats
Thaumarchaeota
44
how many genes do Aigarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota share with their common ancestor
1154 genes
45
- widespread in anoxic sediments
- prevalent in subsurface sediments, but is known to be widely distributed in nature
- wide metabolic capabilities including acetogenesis, methane metabolism, dissimilatory nitrogen and sulfur reduction
- diverse substrates for anaerobic utilization
Bathyarchaeota
46
how many subgroups diverged in Bathyarchaeota to adpots to marine and freshwater environments
25 groups
47
metabolic capabilities of Bathyarchaeota
1. acetogenesis
2. methane metabolism
3. dissimilatory nitrogen and sulfur reduction
48
where are Bathyarchaeota widespread
anoxic sediments
49
- also referred to as novel archaeal group 1
- moderately acidic, high-temperature, high-ferrous Fe and hypoxic to oxic conditions appear to define niche
- contains the most deeply rooted protoglobin known to date
- appears to provide an evolutionary linkage to higher globins such as hemoglobin that are thought to have evolved from ancectral protoglobin
Geoarchaeota
50
Geoarchaeota name meaning
Geo = earth
51
Geoarchaeota is also referred as
novel archaeal group 1 (NAG1)
52
niche of Geoarchaeota
- moderately acidic
- high-temperature
- high-ferrous Fe
- hypoxic to oxic conditions
53
Geoarchaeota contain the most deeply rooted __ known to date
protoglobin
54
what did the Geoarchaeota gene analysis for isoprenoid biosynthesis reveal
farnesylgeranyl diphosphate synthase
55
new proposed lineage from the TACK superphylum whose genome encodes many eukaryote-specific features
Lokiarchaeota
56
what does the genome of Lokiarchaeota do
encode many eukaryote-specific features
57
Lokiarchaeota is a new proposed lineage from what superphylum
TACK superphylum
58
16srDNA sequences of Lokiarchaeota belonged to the gamma clade of what
Deep-Sea Archaeal Group/Marine Benthic Group B
59
where did the name Lokiarchaeota and Lokiarchaeum come from
Loki's Castle29, sampling location
60
Norse mythology shape-shifting diety
Loki
61
Archaea:
role in chemical cycles
- carbon cycle
- nitrogen cycle
- sulfur cycle
etc.
62
Archaea:
help in researchers
ability to tolerate extreme conditions help learn about climatic conditions, environment, and their survival on ancient earth
63
Archaea:
antibiotics
hosts new class of potentially useful antibiotics
64
- carry out anaerobic digestion and produce biogas
- can decompose/grow in biogas fermentors
methanogenic archaea
65
extract gold, copper and cobalt from their ores
acidophilic archaea
66
what do acidophilic archaea extract
- gold
- copper
- cobalt
