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z - BIO103 - Microbiology > Lecture 5B - Functional Anatomy of Bacterial Cells (Internal to Cell Wall) > Flashcards

Lecture 5B - Functional Anatomy of Bacterial Cells (Internal to Cell Wall) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structures Internal to the Cell wall

A
  1. plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nuclear area (nucleoid)
  4. plasmids
  5. ribosomes
  6. inclusions
  7. endospores
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2
Q
  • thin structure inside of cell wall that surrounds cytoplasm
  • phospholipid bilayer with proteins
  • lack sterols and are less rigid than eukaryotic membranes
A

plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane

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3
Q

phospholipid bilayers with proteins

A

fluid mosaic model

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4
Q

Two parts of phospholipid bilayer with proteins

A
  1. integral membrane proteins
  2. peripheral membrane proteins
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5
Q

penetrate membrane completely

A

integral membrane proteins

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6
Q

on inner or outer membrane surface

A

peripheral membrane proteins

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7
Q

exception of microorganisms that lack sterols and are less rigid than eukaryotic membrane

A

Mycoplasmas

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8
Q

functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. selective barrier
  2. nutrient breakdown and energy (ATP) production
  3. synthesis of cell wall components
  4. assists DNA replication
  5. site of photosynthesis
  6. secretes proteins
  7. contains bases of flagella
  8. respons to chemical substances in environment
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9
Q

regulates passage of materials in and out of cell

A

selective barrier

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10
Q

plasma membrane are impermeable to what

A
  • large proteins
  • ions
  • most polar molecules
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11
Q

plasma membrane are permeable to what

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • some simple sugar
  • small nonpolar substances
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12
Q

membrane extensions of photosynthetic bacteria

A

thylakoids

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13
Q

examples of antimicrobial agents that damage the integrity of plasma membrane

A
  1. alcohols
  2. quaternary ammonium compounds
  3. antibiotics (polymyxins)
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14
Q

Two types of movement of materials across membranes

A
  • passive process
  • active process
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15
Q
  • substances move spontaneously from are of high concentration to low concentrations
  • do not require energy expenditure (ATP)
A

passive transport process

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16
Q

Different passive transport processes

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
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17
Q

net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration

A

simple diffusion

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18
Q

net movement stops when molecules are evenly distributed

A

equilibrium

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19
Q

simple diffusion is used by cells to transport what

A

small molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide)

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20
Q

net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration with the help of carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

facilitated diffusion is by what

A

carrier proteins

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22
Q

may be used to break down large substances vefore they can be moved ito cell by facilitated diffusion

A

extracellular enzymes

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23
Q

net movement of water (solvent) across a semipermeable membrane from are of high concentration to low concentration of water

A

osmosis

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24
Q

pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into solution

A

osmotic pressure

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25
Q

Three different types of osmotic solutions

A
  1. isotonic
  2. hypotonic
  3. hypertonic
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26
Q

concentration of solutes and water are equal on both sides of cell membrane

A

isotonic

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27
Q

solute concentration is lower outside the cell

A

hypotonic

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28
Q

solute concentration is higher outside the cell

A

hypertonic

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29
Q

result of isotonic

A

no net movement of water

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30
Q

result of hypotonic

A

net movement of water into the cell

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31
Q

result of hypertonic

A

net movement of water out of cell

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32
Q
  • substances are concentrated, moved from an area of low concentration to high concentration
  • require energy expenditure (ATP)
A

active process

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33
Q

different active processes

A
  1. active tranport
  2. group translocation
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34
Q

requires carrier proteins or pumps in plasma membrane

A

active transport

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35
Q
  • similar to active transport, but substance tranposrted is chemically altered during process
  • after modification, substance can’t leave the cell
A

group translocation

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36
Q

phosphorlyated during group transloaction in bacterial cells

A

glucose

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37
Q

does not occur in procaryotic cells

A

endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, etc.)

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38
Q
  • substance inside the cell membrane
  • contains 80% water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions, low molecular weight components
A

cytoplasm

39
Q

what does the cytoplasm contain

A
  1. 80% water
  2. proteins
  3. carbohydrates
  4. lipids
  5. inorganic ions
  6. low molecular weight components
40
Q

what does the cytoplasm lack

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • cytoplasmic streaming
41
Q

contains a single chromosome, long circular molecule of double stranded DNA

A

nuclear area (nucleoid)

42
Q

intracellular volume that the nuclear are may occupy

A

20%

43
Q
  • extrachromosomal component
  • small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules
  • found in many bacterial cells in addition to chromosomal DNA
A

plasmids

44
Q

plasmids may contain how many genes

A
  • 5 to 100 genes
  • not essential for survival
45
Q

genes in plasmid

A
  • antibiotic resistance genes
  • toxins
46
Q
  • site of protein synthesis
  • found in all cells
A

ribosomes

47
Q

what is the ribosome made up of

A
  • proteins
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
48
Q

prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and less dense than eukaryotic ribosomes

A

prokaryotes: 70S
eukaryotes: 80S

49
Q

two subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes

A
  • small subunit
  • large subunit
50
Q

small subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

30S

51
Q

large subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

50S

52
Q

small subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

40S

53
Q

large subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes

A

60S

54
Q

how do several antibiotic work in prokaryotic ribosomes

A

inhibit protein synthesis

55
Q
  • reserved deposits in the cytoplasm
  • not found in all cell types
A

inclusions

56
Q

different types of inclusions

A
  1. metachromatic granules
  2. polysaccharide granules
  3. lipid inclusions
  4. sulfur granules
  5. carboxysomes
  6. gas vacuoles
  7. magnetosomes
57
Q
  • contain inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP
  • stain red with blue dyes
  • found in bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi
A

metachromatic granules

58
Q

what do metachromatic granules contain

A

inorganic phosphate

59
Q

stain of metachromatic granules

A

stain red with blue dyes

60
Q

where can metachromatic granules be found

A
  • bacteria
  • algae
  • protozoa
  • fungi
61
Q

causative agent of diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

62
Q
  • contain glycogen and starch
  • stain blue or reddish brown with iodine
A

polysaccharide granules

63
Q

stain of polysaccharide granules

A
  • blue (starch)
  • reddish brown (glycogen)
64
Q
  • contain lipids
  • detected with fat soluble dyes
A

lipid inclusions

65
Q

how are lipid inclusions detected

A

with fat soluble dyes

66
Q
  • contain sulfur and sulfur containing compounds
  • sulfur bacteria obtain energy by oxidizing sulfur and its compounds
A

sulfur granules

67
Q

what do sulfur granules contain

A
  • sulfur
  • sulfur containing compounds
68
Q

sulfur bacteria

A

Thiobacillus

69
Q
  • contain enzyme ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo), necessary for carbon fixation during photosynthesis
  • found in nitrifying bacteria, cyanobacteria, and thiobacilli
A

carboxysomes

70
Q

what do carboxysomes contain

A

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase

71
Q

where are carboxysomes found

A
  • nitrifying bacteria
  • cyanobacteria
  • thiobacilli
72
Q
  • hollow cavities found in many aquatic bacteria
  • contain individual gas vesicles, hollow cylinders coverd by protein
  • used to regulat buoyancy so cells can remain at appropriate water depth
A

gas vacuoles

73
Q

function of gas vacuole

A

regulate buoyancy so cells remain at appropriate water depth

74
Q
  • contain iron oxide (Fe2O3) which acts like magnet
  • formed by several aquatic gram-negative bacteria
  • enable bacteria to respond to magnetic fields (magnetotaxis)
A

magnetosomes

75
Q

what do magnetosomes contain

A

iron oxide (Fe2O3)

76
Q

who forms magnetosomes

A

several aquatic gram-negative bacteria

77
Q

respond to magnetic fields

A

magnetotaxis

78
Q

magnetotaxis allows bacteria to what

A
  • swim towards North and South poles
  • swim downwards towards sediments
79
Q

magnetosomes may help the decomposition of what

A

hydrogen peroxide

80
Q

how are magnetosomes used industrially

A

make magnetic audio tapes

81
Q
  • specialized “resting” cells formed by certain Gram-positive bacteria
  • highly durable dehydrated cells with thick cell walls and additional layers
  • can survive extreme temperature, disinfectants, acids, bases, lack of water, toxic chemicals, and radiation
  • for survival
A

endospore

82
Q

Gram-positive bacteria that form endospore

A
  1. Genus Bacillus
  2. Genus Clostridium
83
Q

endospores of some thermophilic bacteria can survive how many hours of boiling

A

19 hours

84
Q

what can endospores survive

A
  1. extreme temperatures
  2. disinfectants
  3. acids
  4. bases
  5. lack of water
  6. toxic chemicals
  7. radiation
85
Q

formation of endospore

A

sporulation

86
Q

process of sporulation

A
  1. DNA isolated by spore septum
  2. spore septum becomes forespore
  3. peptidoglycan forms between membranes of forespore
  4. spore coat forms
  5. maturation
87
Q

ingrowth of plasma membrane

A

spore septum

88
Q

spore septum becomes a double-layered membrane that surrounds chormosome and cytoplasm

A

forespore

89
Q
  • thick layer of protein around the outer membrane
  • makes endospore resistant to many harsh chemicals
A

spore coat

90
Q

cell wall ruptures, endospore is released

A

maturation

91
Q

unlike vegetative cells, endospore do not what

A

carry out metabolic reactions

92
Q

how long can endospores last

A

thousands of years

93
Q
  • endospore returns to its vegetative state
  • usually occurs when environmental conditions become more favorable
  • triggered by physical or chemical damage to spore coat
A

germination

94
Q

endospore cycle

A

vegetative cell (metabolically active) –> sporulation –> endospore (not metabolically active) –> germination –> vegetative cell (metabolically active)

z - BIO103 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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