Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
When did the WHO declare the novel coronavirus outbreak as a global pandemic
A
March 11, 2020
2
Q
WHO
A
World Health Organizations
3
Q
field of science that studies microorganisms
A
Microbiology
4
Q
Example of microorganisms
A
- viruses
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
- fungi
- algae
- protozoa
5
Q
Microbiology derived its name from three greek words
A
- mikros (small)
- bios (life)
- logos (science)
6
Q
Microbiology is the study of life too small to be seen by __ __
A
unaided eye
7
Q
microorganisms need __ to see them
A
microscope
8
Q
<__ __ to see
A
< 0.1mm
9
Q
Using techniques of microbiology
A
- isolate microorganisms
- study their characteristics
10
Q
can be eukaryotic, archaeal, or bacterial
A
microorganism
11
Q
microorganisms can be __, __, or __
A
- eukaryotic
- archaeal
- bacterial
12
Q
- lack membrane-bound nucleus
- self-replicate
A
prokaryotes
13
Q
famous for their love of living in extreme environments
A
Archaea
14
Q
used in measuring size of cells
A
ocular micrometer
15
Q
viruses are seen using the __ __
A
electron microscope
16
Q
microorganisms typically live in complex __ __
A
microbial communities
17
Q
Other sciences that are connected to microbiology
A
- molecular biology
- physiology
- genetics
- geology
- engineering
- computer science
- chemistry
- ecology
- biochemistry
18
Q
production and emission of light by a living organism
A
Bioluminescence
19
Q
may contain more than 10 million individual cells
A
single colony
20
Q
group of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms grown on a solid agar medium
A
colony
21
Q
Two major areas in the field of microbiology
A
- Basic Microbiology
- Applied Microbiology
22
Q
where the fundamental nature and properties of microorganisms are studied
A
basic microbiology
23
Q
where information learned from basic microbiology is employed to control and use microorganisms in beneficial ways
A
applied microbiology
24
Q
Benefits of microbes
A
- Keeps us healthy
- Makes air breathable
- Provides new sources of medicine
- Helps digest food
- Keeps environment clean
- Support and protects crops
25
- live microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body
- can be found in yogurt and other fermented foods, dietary supplements, and beauty products
Probiotics
26
Impact of microorganisms on humans
1. agriculture
2. energy/environment
3. disease
4. food
5. biotechnology
27
process that implies the transformation of the relatively non-reactive atmospheric N2 into its more reactive compounds (nitrates, nitrites, or ammonia)
Nitrogen fixation
28
biogeochemical process of moving organic and inorganic through the environment
Nutrient cycling
29
breaking down of sugar molecules into simpler compounds to produce substances that can be used in making chemical energy
Fermentation
30
employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria, in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments
Bioremediation
31
process of using microorganisms (microbes) to extract metals of economic interest from rock ores or mine waste
Biomining
32
discovery was linked to the invention of the microscope
1. Robert Hooke
2. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
3. Ferdinand Cohn
33
- described the fruiting structures of molds in 1665
- 1st person to describe microorganisms
Robert Hooke
34
what did Robert Hooke describe in 1665
fruiting structures of molds
35
- used primitive microscope to observe river water, pepper infusions, saliva and feces
- discovered bacteria in 1676 where he made drawings and reported his observations to the Royal Society of London
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
36
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek called the moving objects
animalcules
37
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observe using the primitive microscope
1. river water
2. pepper infusions
3. saliva
4. feces
38
When did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discover bacteria
1676
39
Where did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek report his observations to
Royal Society of London
40
- founded the field of bacteriology and discovered bacterial endospores of Bacillus
- credited for the use of cotton plugs for closing flasks and tubes (simple method for preventing contamination of sterile culture media)
Ferdinand Cohn
41
what did Ferdinand Cohn found
field of bacteriology
42
what did Ferdinand Cohn discover
bacterial endospore of Bacillus
43
Two schools of thought on the origin of microorganisms
1. abiogenesis
2. biogenesis
44
life arose from the nonliving
abiogenesis
45
Example of abiogenesis
Concept of Spontaneous Generation
46
Where did abiogenesis start
from Greeks
47
noted for his theory of spontaneous generation and the scientific evidence he had presented to support it
John Needham in 1745
48
life arose from life (living parents)
biogenesis
49
people who carried out experiments that refuted spontaneous generation
1. Francesco Redi
2. Lazzaro Spallanzani
3. Louis Pasteur
4. John Tyndall
50
demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies
Francesco Redi
51
- did extensive research on the reproduction of animals, and definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
- discovered the workings of animal reproduction, which requires semen (carrying spermatazoa) and an ovum
Lazzaro Spallanzani
52
- first to demonstrate that infectious diseases are caused by microbes, disproved the concept of spontaneous generation
- developed the process of pasteurization
- developed some of the world's first vaccines
Louis Pasteur
53
- provided a conclusion that fungi (growing in vegetable infusions or meats) can destroy bacteria after excluding oxygen
- proved that microbes could be present in dust
- showed that dust carries germs or microbes.
John Tyndall
54
Themes in Microbiology:
Basic - by organism
1. bacteriology
2. phycology
3. mycology
4. virology
5. parasitology
6. protozoology
55
Themes in Microbiology:
Basic - by process
1. microbial metabolism
2. microbial genetics
56
Themes in Microbiology:
Basic - disease related
1. immunology
2. epidemiology
3. etiology
57
Themes in Microbiology:
Applied - disease related
1. infection control
2. chemotherapy
58
Themes in Microbiology:
Applied - environmentally related
environmental microbiology
59
Themes in Microbiology:
Applied - industrial
1. food and beverage tech
2. pharmaceutical microbiology
3. genetics
4. engineering
60
responsible for most of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean
Phytoplankton
61
anaerobic archaea that grow by producing methane gas.
Methanogens
62
a major participant in consortia of microorganisms used for the industrial recovery of copper (bioleaching or biomining).
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
63
What did Louis Pasteur use to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
swan-neck flask / Pasteur flask
64
process of killing all the bacteria or microorganisms in or on objects
sterilization
65
refer to milk that has been processed at high temperature (at least 135°C)
UHT
66
UHT
Ultra Heat Treatment or Ultra High Temperature processing
67
temperature in UHT
at least 135°C
68
Scientific name for yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
69
occurs when grape juice is allowed to stand and through a series of biochemical changes, alcohol and other substances are produced from grape sugar
fermentation
70
- contained the desired kind of microbes
- preparations of microorganisms serving as inoculants for the production of fermented foods
starter culture
71
Typical pasteurization conditions
- 62.8 °C < x < 65.6 °C for at least 30 min (holder method)
- x > 71.7 °C for at least 15 s (HTST)
72
developed methods for study of bacteria in pure culture
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
73
what did Robert Koch develop
methods for studying bacteria in pure culture
74
criteria to prove a specific microbe causes a particular disease
Koch postulates
75
Koch Postulates
1. Specific microorganism should always be associated with a given disease.
2. Microorganism should be always associated with given disease.
3. Pure culture of microorganism should produce the disease when introduced to susceptible host.
4. Possible to recover (reisolate) injected microorganism from the experimentally infected host.
76
The test of Koch's postulate discovered the causative agent of __
tuberculosis
77
Causes tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
78
Causes anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
79
When did Koch discover the causative agent of tuberculosis
1881
80
culture containing a single kind (species) of microorganism
pure culture
81
developed the concept of aseptic technique
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
82
patients dying from postoperative infection known as __ __ due to surgery not being sterile
ward fever
83
Joseph Lister used dressing soaked with __ __ (__) to cover wound which lowered the rate of infection
carbolic acid (phenol)
84
Joseph Lister then experimented with __, __, and spraying __ in the theatre while operating, in order to limit infection.
- handwashing
- sterilizing instruments
- spraying carbolic
85
Joseph Lister is known as ______
Father of Antiseptic Surgery
86
credited with developing the first enrichment cultures
Martinus Beijerinck
87
procedure that greatly improves the possibility of isolation special kinds of microorganisms from soil and water (nutrient and incubation requirements)
enrichment culture
88
Examples of microorganisms that Martinus Beijerinck cultured using enrichment culture
1. aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
2. sulfate reducing
3. sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
4. green algae
89
- made fundamental observations on the role of microorganisms in performing biogeochemical transformations involving sulfur, iron and their compounds
- concept of chemolithotrophy
Sergei Winogradsky
90
- “rock eaters”
- organisms that generate energy by the oxidation of inorganic molecules for biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration
chemolithotroph
91
the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation
chemolithotrophy
92
- suggested replacing gelatin with agar
- worked in Koch's laboratory as her husband's technician
Angelina Fannie Hesse
93
Agar is a __ derived from __ and proved to be a superior gelling agent
- polysaccharide
- red seaweeds
94
Agar melts when heated to around __
85°C
95
Agar gels at around
34-42°C
96
Agar is clearer than gelatin and __ __ by bacterial enzymes
resist digestion
97
The use of agar allows the creation of medium that can be inoculated at __ in its cooled molten state and yet incubated at __ without melting
inoculated - 40°C
incubated - 60°C
98
red algae species
- Gracilaria
- Gelidium
99
discovered the petri dish
Julius Richard Petri
100
When and where did Julius Richard Petri assist Robert Koch
Imperial Health Office (Berlin) in 1880s
101
Who suggested the development of Petri dish to Julius Richard Petri
Fanny Hesse
102
Why is the petri dish beneficial
- no corners
- easier to clean
- easier to observe growth
- have uniform cooling due to circular area
103
Landmarks in Microbiology: Early Days
1. 1687 - van Leeuwenhoek
2. 1864 - Pasteur
3. 1895 - Koch, Winogradsky
104
Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- DNA is genetic material
1941
105
Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- Streptomycin
1944
106
Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- Bacterial genetics
1946
107
Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- Structure of DNA
1953
108
Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- Genetic code
1966
109
Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- DNA sequencing
- Discovery of Archaea
1977
110
Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- PCR
1985
111
Landmarks in Microbiology: Molecular Microbiology, Genomics and Proteomics
1. 1986 - Molecular microbial ecology
2. 1987 - First genome
3. 1995 - Over 500 genomes
112
- observed to inhibit microbial growth
- dyes that are used for staining the bacteria
aniline dyes
113
- discovered Salvarsan
Paul Ehrlich (1908)
114
What did Paul Ehrlich discover
Salvarsan
115
Salvarsan is an arsenic compound that inhibited __
syphilis
116
discovered Penicillin
Alexander Fleming (1928)
117
What did Alexander Fleming discover
Penicillin
118
When was Penicillin commercially available
1939
119
Discovered Prontosil
Gerhard Johannes Paul (1935)
120
- antibacterial drug of the sulfonamide group
- has a relatively broad effect against gram-positive cocci but not against enterobacteria
Prontosil
121
discovered Streptomycin
- Selman Waksman
- Albert Schatz
(1944)
122
What did Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz discover
Streptomycin
123
study of total set of DNA and comparative analysis of genes of different organisms
Genomics
124
Genomics is the study of the total set of __ and __ __ of the genes of different organisms
- DNA
- comparative analysis
125
study of total set of proteins (protein expression) in cells
Proteomics
126
Proteomics is the study of total set of __ (__) in cells
proteins (protein expression)
127
study of the total set of metabolites in a cell or tissue or organism
Metabolomics
128
Metabolomics is the study of the total set of __ in a cell or tissue or organism
metabolites
129
study of total set of RNAs in a cell, tissue or organism
Transcriptomics
130
Transcriptomics is the study of total set of __ in a cell, tissue or organism
RNAs
131
study of entire genetic material recovered directly from an environmental sample
Metagenomics
132
Metagenomics is the study of entire genetic material recovered directly from an __ __
environmental sample
133
enclosed area designed for protection of personnel and samples
laminar flow hood
134
- ventilated, enclosed work space
- intended to capture, contain, and exhaust harmful or dangerous fumes, vapors, and particulate matter generated by procedures conducted
fume hood
