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z - BIO103 - Microbiology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When did the WHO declare the novel coronavirus outbreak as a global pandemic

A

March 11, 2020

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2
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organizations

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3
Q

field of science that studies microorganisms

A

Microbiology

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4
Q

Example of microorganisms

A
  1. viruses
  2. archaebacteria
  3. eubacteria
  4. fungi
  5. algae
  6. protozoa
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5
Q

Microbiology derived its name from three greek words

A
  1. mikros (small)
  2. bios (life)
  3. logos (science)
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6
Q

Microbiology is the study of life too small to be seen by __ __

A

unaided eye

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7
Q

microorganisms need __ to see them

A

microscope

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8
Q

<__ __ to see

A

< 0.1mm

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9
Q

Using techniques of microbiology

A
  • isolate microorganisms
  • study their characteristics
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10
Q

can be eukaryotic, archaeal, or bacterial

A

microorganism

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11
Q

microorganisms can be __, __, or __

A
  • eukaryotic
  • archaeal
  • bacterial
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12
Q
  • lack membrane-bound nucleus
  • self-replicate
A

prokaryotes

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13
Q

famous for their love of living in extreme environments

A

Archaea

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14
Q

used in measuring size of cells

A

ocular micrometer

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15
Q

viruses are seen using the __ __

A

electron microscope

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16
Q

microorganisms typically live in complex __ __

A

microbial communities

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17
Q

Other sciences that are connected to microbiology

A
  1. molecular biology
  2. physiology
  3. genetics
  4. geology
  5. engineering
  6. computer science
  7. chemistry
  8. ecology
  9. biochemistry
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18
Q

production and emission of light by a living organism

A

Bioluminescence

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19
Q

may contain more than 10 million individual cells

A

single colony

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20
Q

group of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms grown on a solid agar medium

A

colony

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21
Q

Two major areas in the field of microbiology

A
  1. Basic Microbiology
  2. Applied Microbiology
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22
Q

where the fundamental nature and properties of microorganisms are studied

A

basic microbiology

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23
Q

where information learned from basic microbiology is employed to control and use microorganisms in beneficial ways

A

applied microbiology

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24
Q

Benefits of microbes

A
  1. Keeps us healthy
  2. Makes air breathable
  3. Provides new sources of medicine
  4. Helps digest food
  5. Keeps environment clean
  6. Support and protects crops
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25
Q
  • live microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body
  • can be found in yogurt and other fermented foods, dietary supplements, and beauty products
A

Probiotics

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26
Q

Impact of microorganisms on humans

A
  1. agriculture
  2. energy/environment
  3. disease
  4. food
  5. biotechnology
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27
Q

process that implies the transformation of the relatively non-reactive atmospheric N2 into its more reactive compounds (nitrates, nitrites, or ammonia)

A

Nitrogen fixation

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28
Q

biogeochemical process of moving organic and inorganic through the environment

A

Nutrient cycling

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29
Q

breaking down of sugar molecules into simpler compounds to produce substances that can be used in making chemical energy

A

Fermentation

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30
Q

employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria, in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments

A

Bioremediation

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31
Q

process of using microorganisms (microbes) to extract metals of economic interest from rock ores or mine waste

A

Biomining

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32
Q

discovery was linked to the invention of the microscope

A
  1. Robert Hooke
  2. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  3. Ferdinand Cohn
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33
Q
  • described the fruiting structures of molds in 1665
  • 1st person to describe microorganisms
A

Robert Hooke

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34
Q

what did Robert Hooke describe in 1665

A

fruiting structures of molds

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35
Q
  • used primitive microscope to observe river water, pepper infusions, saliva and feces
  • discovered bacteria in 1676 where he made drawings and reported his observations to the Royal Society of London
A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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36
Q

What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek called the moving objects

A

animalcules

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37
Q

What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observe using the primitive microscope

A
  1. river water
  2. pepper infusions
  3. saliva
  4. feces
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38
Q

When did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discover bacteria

A

1676

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39
Q

Where did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek report his observations to

A

Royal Society of London

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40
Q
  • founded the field of bacteriology and discovered bacterial endospores of Bacillus
  • credited for the use of cotton plugs for closing flasks and tubes (simple method for preventing contamination of sterile culture media)
A

Ferdinand Cohn

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41
Q

what did Ferdinand Cohn found

A

field of bacteriology

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42
Q

what did Ferdinand Cohn discover

A

bacterial endospore of Bacillus

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43
Q

Two schools of thought on the origin of microorganisms

A
  1. abiogenesis
  2. biogenesis
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44
Q

life arose from the nonliving

A

abiogenesis

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45
Q

Example of abiogenesis

A

Concept of Spontaneous Generation

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46
Q

Where did abiogenesis start

A

from Greeks

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47
Q

noted for his theory of spontaneous generation and the scientific evidence he had presented to support it

A

John Needham in 1745

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48
Q

life arose from life (living parents)

A

biogenesis

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49
Q

people who carried out experiments that refuted spontaneous generation

A
  1. Francesco Redi
  2. Lazzaro Spallanzani
  3. Louis Pasteur
  4. John Tyndall
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50
Q

demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies

A

Francesco Redi

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51
Q
  • did extensive research on the reproduction of animals, and definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
  • discovered the workings of animal reproduction, which requires semen (carrying spermatazoa) and an ovum
A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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52
Q
  • first to demonstrate that infectious diseases are caused by microbes, disproved the concept of spontaneous generation
  • developed the process of pasteurization
  • developed some of the world’s first vaccines
A

Louis Pasteur

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53
Q
  • provided a conclusion that fungi (growing in vegetable infusions or meats) can destroy bacteria after excluding oxygen
  • proved that microbes could be present in dust
  • showed that dust carries germs or microbes.
A

John Tyndall

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54
Q

Themes in Microbiology:
Basic - by organism

A
  1. bacteriology
  2. phycology
  3. mycology
  4. virology
  5. parasitology
  6. protozoology
55
Q

Themes in Microbiology:
Basic - by process

A
  1. microbial metabolism
  2. microbial genetics
56
Q

Themes in Microbiology:
Basic - disease related

A
  1. immunology
  2. epidemiology
  3. etiology
57
Q

Themes in Microbiology:
Applied - disease related

A
  1. infection control
  2. chemotherapy
58
Q

Themes in Microbiology:
Applied - environmentally related

A

environmental microbiology

59
Q

Themes in Microbiology:
Applied - industrial

A
  1. food and beverage tech
  2. pharmaceutical microbiology
  3. genetics
  4. engineering
60
Q

responsible for most of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean

A

Phytoplankton

61
Q

anaerobic archaea that grow by producing methane gas.

A

Methanogens

62
Q

a major participant in consortia of microorganisms used for the industrial recovery of copper (bioleaching or biomining).

A

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

63
Q

What did Louis Pasteur use to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation

A

swan-neck flask / Pasteur flask

64
Q

process of killing all the bacteria or microorganisms in or on objects

A

sterilization

65
Q

refer to milk that has been processed at high temperature (at least 135°C)

A

UHT

66
Q

UHT

A

Ultra Heat Treatment or Ultra High Temperature processing

67
Q

temperature in UHT

A

at least 135°C

68
Q

Scientific name for yeast

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

69
Q

occurs when grape juice is allowed to stand and through a series of biochemical changes, alcohol and other substances are produced from grape sugar

A

fermentation

70
Q
  • contained the desired kind of microbes
  • preparations of microorganisms serving as inoculants for the production of fermented foods
A

starter culture

71
Q

Typical pasteurization conditions

A
  • 62.8 °C < x < 65.6 °C for at least 30 min (holder method)
  • x > 71.7 °C for at least 15 s (HTST)
72
Q

developed methods for study of bacteria in pure culture

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

73
Q

what did Robert Koch develop

A

methods for studying bacteria in pure culture

74
Q

criteria to prove a specific microbe causes a particular disease

A

Koch postulates

75
Q

Koch Postulates

A
  1. Specific microorganism should always be associated with a given disease.
  2. Microorganism should be always associated with given disease.
  3. Pure culture of microorganism should produce the disease when introduced to susceptible host.
  4. Possible to recover (reisolate) injected microorganism from the experimentally infected host.
76
Q

The test of Koch’s postulate discovered the causative agent of __

A

tuberculosis

77
Q

Causes tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

78
Q

Causes anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

79
Q

When did Koch discover the causative agent of tuberculosis

A

1881

80
Q

culture containing a single kind (species) of microorganism

A

pure culture

81
Q

developed the concept of aseptic technique

A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

82
Q

patients dying from postoperative infection known as __ __ due to surgery not being sterile

A

ward fever

83
Q

Joseph Lister used dressing soaked with __ __ (__) to cover wound which lowered the rate of infection

A

carbolic acid (phenol)

84
Q

Joseph Lister then experimented with __, __, and spraying __ in the theatre while operating, in order to limit infection.

A
  • handwashing
  • sterilizing instruments
  • spraying carbolic
85
Q

Joseph Lister is known as ______

A

Father of Antiseptic Surgery

86
Q

credited with developing the first enrichment cultures

A

Martinus Beijerinck

87
Q

procedure that greatly improves the possibility of isolation special kinds of microorganisms from soil and water (nutrient and incubation requirements)

A

enrichment culture

88
Q

Examples of microorganisms that Martinus Beijerinck cultured using enrichment culture

A
  1. aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  2. sulfate reducing
  3. sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
  4. green algae
89
Q
  • made fundamental observations on the role of microorganisms in performing biogeochemical transformations involving sulfur, iron and their compounds
  • concept of chemolithotrophy
A

Sergei Winogradsky

90
Q
  • “rock eaters”
  • organisms that generate energy by the oxidation of inorganic molecules for biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration
A

chemolithotroph

91
Q

the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation

A

chemolithotrophy

92
Q
  • suggested replacing gelatin with agar
  • worked in Koch’s laboratory as her husband’s technician
A

Angelina Fannie Hesse

93
Q

Agar is a __ derived from __ and proved to be a superior gelling agent

A
  • polysaccharide
  • red seaweeds
94
Q

Agar melts when heated to around __

A

85°C

95
Q

Agar gels at around

A

34-42°C

96
Q

Agar is clearer than gelatin and __ __ by bacterial enzymes

A

resist digestion

97
Q

The use of agar allows the creation of medium that can be inoculated at __ in its cooled molten state and yet incubated at __ without melting

A

inoculated - 40°C
incubated - 60°C

98
Q

red algae species

A
  • Gracilaria
  • Gelidium
99
Q

discovered the petri dish

A

Julius Richard Petri

100
Q

When and where did Julius Richard Petri assist Robert Koch

A

Imperial Health Office (Berlin) in 1880s

101
Q

Who suggested the development of Petri dish to Julius Richard Petri

A

Fanny Hesse

102
Q

Why is the petri dish beneficial

A
  • no corners
  • easier to clean
  • easier to observe growth
  • have uniform cooling due to circular area
103
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Early Days

A
  1. 1687 - van Leeuwenhoek
  2. 1864 - Pasteur
  3. 1895 - Koch, Winogradsky
104
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- DNA is genetic material

A

1941

105
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- Streptomycin

A

1944

106
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- Bacterial genetics

A

1946

107
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- Structure of DNA

A

1953

108
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- Genetic code

A

1966

109
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- DNA sequencing
- Discovery of Archaea

A

1977

110
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Era of Molecular Biology/ General Biology
- PCR

A

1985

111
Q

Landmarks in Microbiology: Molecular Microbiology, Genomics and Proteomics

A
  1. 1986 - Molecular microbial ecology
  2. 1987 - First genome
  3. 1995 - Over 500 genomes
112
Q
  • observed to inhibit microbial growth
  • dyes that are used for staining the bacteria
A

aniline dyes

113
Q
  • discovered Salvarsan
A

Paul Ehrlich (1908)

114
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich discover

A

Salvarsan

115
Q

Salvarsan is an arsenic compound that inhibited __

A

syphilis

116
Q

discovered Penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming (1928)

117
Q

What did Alexander Fleming discover

A

Penicillin

118
Q

When was Penicillin commercially available

A

1939

119
Q

Discovered Prontosil

A

Gerhard Johannes Paul (1935)

120
Q
  • antibacterial drug of the sulfonamide group
  • has a relatively broad effect against gram-positive cocci but not against enterobacteria
A

Prontosil

121
Q

discovered Streptomycin

A
  • Selman Waksman
  • Albert Schatz
    (1944)
122
Q

What did Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz discover

A

Streptomycin

123
Q

study of total set of DNA and comparative analysis of genes of different organisms

A

Genomics

124
Q

Genomics is the study of the total set of __ and __ __ of the genes of different organisms

A
  • DNA
  • comparative analysis
125
Q

study of total set of proteins (protein expression) in cells

A

Proteomics

126
Q

Proteomics is the study of total set of __ (__) in cells

A

proteins (protein expression)

127
Q

study of the total set of metabolites in a cell or tissue or organism

A

Metabolomics

128
Q

Metabolomics is the study of the total set of __ in a cell or tissue or organism

A

metabolites

129
Q

study of total set of RNAs in a cell, tissue or organism

A

Transcriptomics

130
Q

Transcriptomics is the study of total set of __ in a cell, tissue or organism

A

RNAs

131
Q

study of entire genetic material recovered directly from an environmental sample

A

Metagenomics

132
Q

Metagenomics is the study of entire genetic material recovered directly from an __ __

A

environmental sample

133
Q

enclosed area designed for protection of personnel and samples

A

laminar flow hood

134
Q
  • ventilated, enclosed work space
  • intended to capture, contain, and exhaust harmful or dangerous fumes, vapors, and particulate matter generated by procedures conducted
A

fume hood

z - BIO103 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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