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z - BIO103 - Microbiology > Lecture 5B - Functional Anatomy of Bacterial Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 5B - Functional Anatomy of Bacterial Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

who published the first attempt to depict the common evolutionary history of all living cells

A

Ernst Haeckel
1866

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2
Q

single celled organisms by Haeckel

A

Monera

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3
Q

Best known for his discovery of Archaea

A

Carl Woese

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4
Q

what was Carl Woese’ specific research interest as a professor in the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaigne?

A

refine Linnaean classification of organisms

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5
Q

why is it said that Carl Woese rewrote the tree of life

A

discovery of Archaea

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6
Q

why is the tree of life a phylogenetic tree

A

shows the evolution of relationships among different organisms

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7
Q

three reasons why rRNA genes are suitable for pylogenetic analyses

A
  1. contains approximately 1500 bases, which is adequate (or sufficient) for analysis
  2. highly conserved and thus comparable between distantly related species
  3. contains variable regions, enabling comparison between closely related species
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8
Q

Prokaryotic cells: DNA

A
  • not enclosed with nuclear membrane
  • single circular chormosome
  • not associated with histone proteins
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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells: DNA

A
  • enclosed with nuclear membrane
  • several linear chromosomes
  • associated with histones and other proteins
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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells: organelles

A

lack membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

Eukaryotic cells: organelles

A

membrane-bound

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cells: cell wall

A

usually contain peptidoglycan, complex polysaccharide

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13
Q

Prokaryotic cells: division

A

binary fission

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells: division

A

mitosis

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15
Q

dimension of most bacterial cells:
diameter

A

0.2 to 2.0 µm

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16
Q

diameter of human red bloock cells

A

7.5 to 10 µm

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17
Q

dimension of most bacterial cells:
length

A

2 to 8 µm

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18
Q

some cyanobacteria are up to __ long

A

60 µm

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19
Q

bacterial cells have __ surface to volume ratios

A

large

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20
Q

large surface to volume ratios, parts of cell

A
  • close to surface
  • can be quickly reached by nutrients
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21
Q

human red blood cell in nm

A

10,000 nm

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22
Q

plasma membrane of red blood cell in nm

A

10 nm

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23
Q

Chlamydia size

A

1000 nm

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24
Q

Ebola virus size

A

970 nm

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25
Q

E. coli size

A

3000 x 1000 nm

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26
Q

Bacteriophage T4 size

A

225 nm

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27
Q

Bacteriophage M13

A

800 x 10 nm

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28
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus size

A

250 x 18 nm

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29
Q

Vaccinia virus

A

300 x 200 x 100 nm

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30
Q

Adenovirus

A

90 nm

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31
Q

Bacteriphages f2, MS2

A

24 nm

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32
Q

Poliovirus

A

30 nm

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33
Q

Bacterial common cell shapes

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Bacillus
  3. Spiral
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34
Q

spherical

A

coccus

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35
Q

Arrangement of cocci

A
  1. diplococci
  2. streptococci
  3. tetrads
  4. sarcinae
  5. staphylococci
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36
Q
  • pair of attached cocci
  • remain attached after dividing
A

diplococci

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37
Q

chainlike arrangements

A

streptococci

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38
Q
  • groups of four
  • divide in two planes
A

tetrads

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39
Q
  • groups of eight
  • divide in three planes
A

sarcinae

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40
Q
  • graplike clusters
  • divide in multiple planes
A

staphylococci

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41
Q
  • rod shaped
  • some appear as single rods
A

bacillus

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42
Q

Different types of bacilli

A
  1. single bacillus
  2. diplobacilli
  3. streptobacilli
  4. coccobacillus
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43
Q

single rods

A

single bacillus

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44
Q
  • pair of attached bacilli
  • remain attached after dividing
A

diplobacilli

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45
Q

chainlike arrangement of bacilli

A

streptobacilli

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46
Q
  • intermediate shape between coccus and bacillus
  • oval rods
A

coccobacillus

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47
Q

have one or more twists

A

spiral

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48
Q

different types of spiral shaped bacteria

A
  1. vibrio
  2. spirillum
  3. spirochete
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48
Q
  • comma shaped cell
  • look like curved rods
A

vibrio

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49
Q
  • helical, corkscrew shaped bacteria with rigid bodies
  • use whiplike external flagella to move
A

spirilla

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50
Q

what do spirilla shaped bacteria use to move

A

whiplike external flagella

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51
Q
  • helical bacteria with flexible bodies
  • use axial filaments (internal flagella) to move
A

spirochete

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52
Q

what do spirochete shaped bacteria use to move

A

axial filaments (internal flagella)

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53
Q

other less common bacterial shapes

A
  1. star
  2. flat and square
  3. triangular
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54
Q
  • have several possible shapes
  • few in a few genera like Corynebacterium, Rhizobium
A

pleomorphic bacteria

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54
Q

few genera that are pleomorphic

A
  • Corynebacterium
  • Rhizobium
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55
Q

Structures external to the cell wall

A
  1. glycocalyx
  2. flagella
  3. axial filaments (endoflagella)
  4. fimbriae and pili
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56
Q
  • glycocalyx made of sugar
  • important in the formation of biofilm
A

extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)

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57
Q

several functions of glycocalyx

A
  1. attachment to host cells
  2. source of nutrition
  3. prevent dehydration
  4. escape host immune system
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58
Q

Two types of glycocalyx (sugar coat)

A
  1. capsule
  2. slime layer
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59
Q

organized polysaccharide substance that is firmly attached to the cell wall

A

capsule

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60
Q

anthrax bacteria can only cause anthrax if it has what

A

protein capsule

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61
Q

only __ with capsule can cause pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

62
Q

function of capsules

A

help bacteria escape host immune system by preventing destruction by phagocytosis

63
Q

thin polysachharide substance that is loosely attached to the cell wall

A

slime layer

64
Q

function of slime layer

A
  • allow bacteria to adhere (teeth, rock surfaces, plant roots)
  • help bacteria trap nutrients near cell
  • prevent dehydration
65
Q

long, thin, helical appendages

A

flagella

66
Q

different flagella arrangements

A
  1. monotrichous
  2. amphitrichous
  3. lophotrichous
  4. peritrichous
67
Q

single polar flagellum at one end

A

monotrichous

68
Q

two polar flagella, one at each end

A

amphitrichous

69
Q

two or more flagella at one or both ends

A

lophotrichous

70
Q

many flagella over entire cell surface

A

peritrichous

71
Q

what protein is flagella made up of

A

flagellin

72
Q

three basic parts of flagella

A
  1. filament
  2. hook
  3. basal body
73
Q
  • outermost region
  • contains globular protein flagellin
  • not covered by a sheath like eukaryotic filaments
A

filament

74
Q

wider segment that anchors filament to basal body

A

hook

75
Q

complex structure with a central rod surrounded by a set of rings

A

basal body

76
Q

Gram-negative rings

A

2 pairs of rings (4 rings)

77
Q

Gram-positive rings

A

1 pair of rings (2 rings)

78
Q

movement of flagella

A

counterclockwise

79
Q

Gram-negative rings

A
  1. L ring
  2. P ring
  3. MS ring
  4. C ring
80
Q

L ring

A

lipopolysaccharide

81
Q

P ring

A

peptidoglycan

82
Q

MS ring

A

plasma membrane

83
Q

C ring

A

cytoplasm

84
Q
  • the electrochemical potential difference of protons across a biological membrane
  • allow flagellar movement
A

Proton motive force (PMF)

85
Q

Gram-positive rings

A
  1. MS ring
  2. C ring
86
Q

how do bacterial flagella move

A

rotation from basal body

87
Q

Several patterns of bacterial motility

A
  1. runs or swims
  2. tumbles
88
Q

bacterium moves in one direction

A

runs or swims

89
Q
  • bacterium changes direction
  • caused by reversal of flagellar rotation
A

tumbles

90
Q

movement of cell toward or away from a particular stimulus

A

taxis

91
Q

Two types of taxis

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. phototaxis
92
Q

movement in response to a chemical stimulus

A

chemotaxis

93
Q

movement in response to a light stimulus

A

phototaxis

94
Q

towards nutrients

A

positive chemotaxis

95
Q

away from repellant or toxic substance

A

negative chemotaxis

96
Q

the movement of organisms towards or away from oxygen caused by changes in oxygen concentration

A

aerotaxis

97
Q

forms a complex with the sensor kinase CheA and the coupling protein CheW

A

methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP)

98
Q

methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) forms a complex with the sensor kinase CheA and the coupling protein CheW triggers what

A

autophosphorylation which phosphorylate response regulators CheB and CheY

99
Q

binds to flagellar motor switch

A

CheY-P

100
Q

dephos-phorylates CheY-P

A

CheZ

101
Q

continually adds methyl groups to the MCP

A

CheR

102
Q

removes methyl groups from MCP

A

CheB-P (not CheB)

103
Q
  • can only be found in spiral bcteria
  • corkscrew motion
A

axial filaments (endoflagella)

104
Q

motion of axial filaments

A

corkscrew motion

105
Q

examples of bacteria with axial filaments

A
  1. Treponema pallidum
  2. Leptospira
  3. Borrelia burgdorferi
106
Q

difference between Mycoplasma and Mycobacterium

A

mycoplasma lack cell wall, have sterol

107
Q
  • also called “short attachment pili”
  • attach to the host surface
  • help bacteria colonise and cause infection
  • present on the overall surface or concentrated towards the poles
A

Fimbriae

108
Q

function of fimbriae

A
  • attachment
  • help form biofilm
  • help adhere
108
Q
  • generally referred to as the appendages, which are involved in the conjugation
  • also known as long conjugative pili
  • longer than fimbriae
  • involved in the cell to cell attachment during conjugation for DNA transfer
  • facilitate gene transfer and recombination in the bacterial cell
  • primitive mode of sexual reproduction in bacteria
A

Pili

109
Q

function of pili

A
  • conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)
  • facilitate gene transfer and recombination
110
Q
  • prevents osmotic lysis
  • maintains shape
  • point of anchorage for basal bodies
  • made of peptidoglycan (bacteria)
A

eubacterial cell wall

111
Q

what does the cell wall prevent

A

osmotic lysis

112
Q

major component of cell wall in bacteria (not archaea)

A

peptidoglycan

113
Q
  • Other term for peptidoglycan
  • polymer of sugars and amino acids
A

murein

114
Q

what does the peptidoglycan form

A

mesh-like layer

115
Q

Each strand are two sugars linked alternatively

A
  1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
116
Q

how are NAG and NAM joined

A

beta-1,4 linkage

117
Q

site where the peptidoglycn connects

A
  • amino group
  • carboxyl group
118
Q

4 amino acids in peptidoglycan

A
  1. L-Alanine
  2. D-Glutamic acid
  3. Diaminopimelic acid
  4. D-Alanine
119
Q

amino acid in Diaminopimelic acid of some bacteria

A

Lysine

120
Q

Gram-negative cells that have thin cell walls, mostly have __ between peptide side chains

A

direct cross-links

121
Q

Gram-positive cells that have thick cell walls, can also have peptide __ that extend between cross-linked peptide side chains

A

interbridges

122
Q

example of interbridge

A

5 glycine interbridge

123
Q

Gram-positive cell wall

A
  1. thick peptidoglycan (many layers)
  2. teichoic acids (makes wall like crosshairs)
124
Q

Gram-negative cell wall

A
  1. thin peptidoglycan
  2. outer membrane
125
Q
  • passage of molecule in and out of cell
  • embedded in outer membrane
A

porin protein

126
Q
  • surface-associated adhesion amphiphile from Gram-positive bacteria
  • regulator of autolytic wall enzymes (muramidases)
A

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

127
Q

teichoic acids

A
  • alcohol and phosphate
  • negative charge
128
Q
  • many layers of peptidoglycan
  • teichoic acids
  • may regulate movement of cations
A

Gram-positive cell walls

129
Q

polysaccharide provide __ = __

A

antigenic variation = identification

130
Q

Gram-positive cell walls produce what

A

exotoxins

131
Q

Gram-positive cell walls are sensitive to what

A
  • lysozyme
  • penicillin
132
Q

lysozyme

A

breaks bonds between NAMs and NAGs

133
Q

penicillin

A
  • targets peptidoglycan
  • transpeptidation reaction
134
Q

Two types of teichoic acid

A
  1. glycerol phosphate / ribitol phosphate
  2. attaches in glucose D-alanine
135
Q
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
  • lipopolysaccharides
  • LPS
  • porins
A

Gram-negative cell wall

136
Q
  • evade phagocytosis and actions of immunity
  • provide barrier to certain antibiotics and enzymes
A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

137
Q
  • proteins that form channels
  • makes CW also selectively permeable
A

porins

138
Q

Where is Gram-negative cell wall sensitive

A

tetracycline

139
Q

what does the Gram-negative cell wall produce

A

exotoxins
endotoxins

140
Q

what does the outer membrane contain

A
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • phospholipids
141
Q

structure of outer membrane

A
  • outer leaflet
  • inner leaflet
142
Q

how does the outer membrane stay attached to the cell

A

anchored noncovalently to lipoprotein molecules (Braun’s lipoprotein), which are covalently linked to peptidoglycan

143
Q

lipoprotein that connects outer membrane to peptidoglycan

A

Murein lipoprotein or Braun’s lipoprotein

144
Q

what would happen if you targeted lipoprotein with antibiotics

A

outer membrane will be separated from cell

145
Q

functions of outer membrane

A
  1. defend against predators
  2. extra barrier
  3. creates compartment
  4. produce toxin (lipid A)
  5. fascilitates surface recognition
  6. virulence factors
146
Q

composition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. Core polysaccharide
  3. O polysaccharide
147
Q
  • functions as an endotoxin
  • responsible for symptoms associated with gram-infections
A

Lipid A

148
Q
  • attached to Lipid A
  • provides stability
A

Core polysaccharide

149
Q
  • functions as an antigen
  • useful in identification
A

O polysaccharide

150
Q

microorganisms with unusual wall structures

A
  1. Mycobacterium
  2. Mycoplasma
  3. Archaea
151
Q

unusual wall structure of Mycobacterium

A
  • Gram +
  • mycolic acid
152
Q

waxy to resist dehydration

A

mycolic acid

153
Q

unusual wall structure of Mycoplasma

A
  • smallest bacteria without CW
  • have sterols in membrane (resist osmotic lysis)
154
Q

unusual wall structure of Archaea

A
  • no cell wall
  • consists of pseudomurein (different carbohydrate)

z - BIO103 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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