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Microbiology > Lecture 7 DNA > Flashcards

Lecture 7 DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA’s full name

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What are the monomer building block of DNA CALLED

A

deoxyribonucleotides

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3
Q

What is DNA composed of

A

– 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose
– a nitrogenous base
– a phosphate group

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4
Q

Name the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA

A

– Adenine (A)
– Guanine (G)
– Cytosine (C)
– Thymine (T)

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5
Q

Does DNA consist or one or two complementary stands

A

Two

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6
Q

Are DNA complementary stands single or double stranded

A

Double stranded

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7
Q

What does Adenine pair with

A

Thymine

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8
Q

What does Guanine pair with

A

Cytosine

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9
Q

Name the 4 stages of DNA replication

A

• Initiation
• Elongation
• Proofreading
• Termination

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10
Q

DNA polymerase can add free nucleotides to only where

A

the 3’ end of the newly-forming strand.

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11
Q

DNA polymerase can add a nucleotide only to what pre-existing group

A

3’-OH group

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12
Q

Name the two stages of Gene expression

A

•Transcription
•Translation

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13
Q

Describe Transcription

A

• Initiated at the promoter region upstream of the gene
• RNA polymerase copies the DNA and produces an RNA transcript (mRNA)

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14
Q

Describe Translation

A

• mRNA is decoded by ribosomes and tRNA molecules to specify
• the exact sequence of amino acids in a protein

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15
Q

How many adjacent nucleotides encode a particular amino acid

A

A set of 3

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16
Q

What is the genetic code called

A

Codon

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17
Q

What affects RNA polymerase

A

Rifampicin

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18
Q

What affects ribosome and protein synthesis

A

Macrolides (erythromycin), Kanamycin,
Tetracycline

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19
Q

Mutations in the antibiotic target can lead to what

A

Bacterial resistance

20
Q

What targets DNA Gyrase

A

Ciprofoxacin

21
Q

What does the enzyme Gyrase do

A

unwinds bacterial DNA during replication.

22
Q

What does Ciprofoxacin prevent

A

Cell division

23
Q

What type of antibiotic is Ciprofoxacin

A

Quinolone antibiotic

24
Q

Name the 3 plasmid genes

A

– Antibiotic resistance genes (often multiple)
– Virulence genes (e.g. toxins)
– Metabolic genes

25
Q

What is the most common source of genetic variation

A

Mutations

26
Q

Name the three types of mutations

A

– Substitution
– Deletion
– Insertion

27
Q

What is the Asparagine codon called

A

•AAC
•Faulty protein
•Missense mutation

28
Q

What is the stop codon called

A

•UAG
.•Incomplete protein
•Nonsense mutation

29
Q

What is the Tyrosine codon called

A

•UAU
•Normal Protein
•Silent mutation

30
Q

What is the second Tyrosine codon called

A

•5’UAC
•Normal protein
•Wild type

31
Q

Example of physical mutagen

A

Radiation

32
Q

Example of chemical mutagenesis

A

– Base analogues
– Intercalating agents
– Metals - ROS

33
Q

Example of biological mutagen agents

A

•Viruses
•Transposon

34
Q

What is genetic exchange

A

Modes of genetic transfer between bacterial cells

35
Q

Example of naturally competent bacteria

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

36
Q

What does conjugation describe

A

Plasmid transfer between bacterial cells

37
Q

What does conjugation require

A

•cell-to-cell contact & can occur between different bacterial species
•even between G+ve and G-ve

38
Q

In conjugation where do plasmids replicate

A

replicate in the donor cell prior to transfer into the recipient cell

39
Q

What is Transduction

A

DNA transfer between bacteria via infection with a bacteriophage

40
Q

What infect the bacterial cell and replicate in Transduction

A

Phage

41
Q

What does Transduction involve the incorporation of

A

Phage DNA into phage capsids (heads)

42
Q

What are Transposons

A

DNA sequences that can ‘jump’ within the bacterial genome and from the genome to plasmids within the same cell

43
Q

What do Transposons often contain

A

Antibiotic resistance genes

44
Q

Example of a mutation

A

Drug resistance in Tuberculosis

45
Q

Example of Transformation/Transposition

A

Penicillin resistant gonorrhea

46
Q

Example of conjugation

A

Multi resistance shigella

Microbiology (18 decks)

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