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Microbiology > Lecture 1 - Jennifer > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Jennifer Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology

A

The study of microscopic organisms

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2
Q

What is the oldest form of life on earth

A

Microbes

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3
Q

What are microbes

A

Tiny single cell organisms

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4
Q

Microbe fossils date back how many years

A

> 3.5 billion years

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5
Q

Name the 3 types of microbes

A

Eukaryotes
Archaea
Bacteria

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6
Q

Role of microbiology in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry

A

Production of important pharmaceuticals
•Glucose polymers
•Vitamins
•Amino acids
•Ion chelating agents
•Enzymes
•Antibiotics

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7
Q

Name the hormone necessary for the proper development of RBC (erythrocytes)

A

Erythropoietin

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8
Q

Example of Bacteria as producers of human substance

A

Erythropoietin is very difficult to isolate but now available in high quantity by cloning into bacteria and administering to patients who cannot make the erythropoietin substance themselves

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9
Q

Importance of microbiology in agriculture

A

Decomposition and recycling
•waste treatment
•soil fertility

Food production
•dairy industry
•spoilage

Animal and plant health
•benefits
•disease

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10
Q

Benefit of Legumes

A

Plants with root nodules containing bacteria that fix nitrogen -this reduces dependence on fertilisers

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11
Q

How do ruminant animals benefit from bacteria

A

Cattle and sheep have a special digestive vessel called the rumen filled with bacteria.Bacteria digest cellulose in grass and hay without this bacteria animals would not thrive

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12
Q

How does bacteria help in nutrient cycling

A

Carbon , nitrogen and sulphur microbial activities in soil and water convert these elements into forms plants can use (nutrition)

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13
Q

Examples of microbial diseases

A

Foot and mouth virus
Mad cow disease
Potato blight (fungus)

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14
Q

Role of microbiology in food industry

A

Food spoilage
Food borne pathogens
Dairy products - cheese , yogurt , buttermilk produced by microbial activity
Baked goods & alcoholic beverages- resulted from yeast activity
Animal feed
Food supplements (probiotics)

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15
Q

What percentage of microbes cause infection

A

1%

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16
Q

Are probiotics live or dead microorganisms

A

Live microorganisms

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17
Q

How do probiotics confer a beneficial health effect on the host

A

•favourably alter the intestinal micro flora balance
•inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria
•produce bacteriocins
•promote good digestion
•boost immune function and increase resistance to infection

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18
Q

What are bacteriocins

A

Substance produced by probiotic bacteria which acts as natural antibiotics to kill undesirable microorganisms

19
Q

Name the original probiotic preparation

A

Yoghurt

20
Q

Where are probiotics present

A

Fermented dairy products namely live culture yoghurt

21
Q

Other than live culture yoghurt name other sources of probiotics

A

Supplements in
•powder
•liquid extract
•capsule
•tablet

22
Q

When did the European Union ban the use of four antibiotics as growth promotors

A

In 1999

23
Q

What are the principle causes of death worldwide

A

•Respiratory tract infection (RTI)
•Diarrhoeal diseases

24
Q

Role of bacteriologists

A

Focus specifically on bacteria and how they help or hurt us

25
Q

Role of virologists

A

Specialise in viruses and how they infect cells

26
Q

Role of mycologists

A

Study fungi

27
Q

Role of Protozoologists

A

Devote their efforts to Protozoa

28
Q

Role of Epidemiologists

A

Investigate infectious disease outbreaks to learn what caused them and if we’re facing a deadly new microbe

29
Q

Role of immunologists

A

Study how the body defends itself against microbial invaders

30
Q

When we’re single celled organisms discovered

A

Mid 1600’s

31
Q

Name the cloth merchant in Holland who used a magnifying class to inspect quality of cloth

A

1684 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

32
Q

What was the developed amateur microscope builder called according to Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

Wee animalcules

33
Q

Who is known as the father of microscopy

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

34
Q

How many years after Leeuwenhoek’s death before anyone could manufacture a microscope that matched or surpass the magnifying quality of microscopes he built

A

Over 100 years

35
Q

what is spontaneous generation

A

Living things produced from vital forces in non living or decomposing matter

36
Q

What is abiogenesis

A

Spontaneous generation
Production of life from vital forces in non living matter

37
Q

What is biogenesis

A

Organisms arose from seeds or germs that had entered the food from air

38
Q

How long was the debate between abiogenesis and biogenesis

A

200 years

39
Q

When did Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation

A

In 1864

40
Q

Who is responsible for disproving spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

41
Q

When was penicillin discovered

A

In 1929

42
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

43
Q

What is penicillin produced from

A

A fungus called Penicillium

44
Q

When was Fleming awarded the Nobel prize in medicine / physiology

A

In 1945

Microbiology (18 decks)

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