Lecture 6 Metabolic diversiry Flashcards
All cells need what for their metabolic activities
•Carbon
•Energy
Chemical reaction involve the release of what
Electrons
Electrons have stored energy and when an atom or molecule loses the electron and becomes oxidised what happens that energy
It is released
What is oxidation
Atom or molecule loses one or more electrons
What is reduction
Atom or molecules gains electrons
Energy generated is stored in the form of what
ATP
Example of a simple oxidation reaction
Fe2+ ⇋ Fe3+ + e-
What is energy stored as
High energy phosphate bond
Inorganic phosphate group in energy is attached to what
attached to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Phosphate is enzymatically removed from ATP to do what
Release energy
How do chemotrophs get energy
Derive energy from chemicals
What do Chemoorganotrophs use
Organic chemicals
What do Chemolithotriphs use
Inorganic chemicals
How do Phototrophs get energy
Derive energy from light
What are organic chemicals
Compounds containing carbon
All cells required what as a major nutrient
Carbon
How do Chemoorganotrophs derive energy from organic chemicals
•Oxidisation of the compound release electrons which are used to generate ATP
•Electrons have stored energy and when an atom or molecules becomes oxidised the energy is released
What are Aerobes
Chemoorganotrophs that can only produce energy in the presence of oxygen
What are Anaerobes
Microbes that can only produce energy in the absence of oxygen
What are Facultative anaerobes
Microbes that produce energy in the presence or absence of oxygen
Function of methanogens in rumen
Microbes capable of digesting coarse plant material abd which produce methane as a by product of digestion
When are methane reducing feed additives most effective
When grain , hay or silage is added to the diet
Methane reducing feed additives can be
•synthetic chemicals
•natural supplements like tannnins or seaweed
•fats and oils
Feeding one type of seaweed at 3% of the diet has resulted in how much of a methane reduction in cattle
80% reduction
What are Trihalomethanes and give an example
•Bromoform
•Active ingredient that decreases methane emissions
Benefits of reduced volume of methane formation
•Better efficiency of feed utilisation
As methane emissions represent a gross energy loss from feed intake of about 10%
Example of Chemolithotrophs
•H2
•H2S
•Fe2+
Where do Chemolithotrophs obtain carbon from
CO2-autotrophy
Why is Lithotrophy advantageous
Organisms deriving energy from inorganic compounds don’t have to compete with chemoorganotrophs
What are Heterotrophs
Microbial cells which use one or more organic compounds as their carbon source are called heterotrophs
What are Authotrophs
Microbial cells which use CO2 as their carbon source are called autotrophs
–CO2 fixation or Calvin cycle
Why are Autotrophs called primary producers
They produce organic matter from CO2 in the air
What is Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Oxygen is produced as a bi product
What is Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
No oxygen is produced
Name the pigment in Phototrophic cells
•Chlorophylls
•Carotenoids
What colour are Chlorophylls
Green
What is the chlorophyll’s in phototrophic bacteria called
bacteriochlorophylls
In plant cells where does photosynthesis take place
In chloroplasts
Where does photosynthesis take place in bacteria
Specially developed cytoplasmic membrane
What colour are Carotenoids
•Yellow
•Red
•Brown
•Green
What are carotenoids closely associated with
bacteriochlorophylls
Carotenoids transfer light energy to what
bacteriochlorophylls
