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Microbiology > Lecture 10 Microorganism And Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Microorganism And Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mutualism

A

Beneficial associations
Example - bacteria providing vitamin precursors in gut

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2
Q

What is Commensalism

A

Passive associations
Example– non pathogenic Staphylococci

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3
Q

What is Parasitism

A

Microorganism causes harm
Example – pathogenic bacteria

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4
Q

What is Microbiology

A

The study of micro organisms

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5
Q

Example of good bacteria (Probiotics)

A

•Clostridium Butyricum
Produces important fatty acids

•Bifidobacteria
Modulates immune response and produces vitamins

•Lactobacilli
Produces vitamins and minerals , boost immunity and protects against carcinogens

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6
Q

Example of Bad bacteria

A

•Clostridium Difficile
Causes diarrhoea and abdominal pain

•Campylobacter
Also known as “food poisoning” it is found in uncooked chicken

•Enterococcus Faecalis
A common source of post surgical infection

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7
Q

How do we prove a pathogen

A

Koch’s Postulate

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8
Q

Explain Koch’s Postulate

A

1.The m/o must be present in the diseased and not in a healthy animal
2.M/O must be cultivated in pure culture
3.Pure culture inoculated into 2nd animal disease
4.Pure culture from 2nd animal should be same as 1st.

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9
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulate

A

•Some pathogens difficult to culture.
•Some diseases are caused by combinations of
-Pathogens
-Physical, environmental
-Genetic factors
•Animal models and ethics: inoculation of healthy susceptible host not always possible (the postulate could never be fully applied to HIV)

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10
Q

Name the group of factors that can define host specificity

A

Virulence factors

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11
Q

What do Adhesions recognise

A

Specific receptors

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12
Q

Secretion of enzymes allows microorganisms to alter what

A

Their environment

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13
Q

What is Leukocidins used for

A

To destroy White blood cells (WBC)

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14
Q

What is Catalase used for

A

to protect from reactive oxygen species in the Macrophage

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15
Q

Some blood borne pathogens have the ability to secrete coagulase which leads to coagulation allowing microorganisms to

A

form clots which in turn can provide a physical hiding place from the immune system.

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16
Q

What do Cytotoxins do

A

kills or affects the functions of host cells

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17
Q

What do Neurotoxins do

A

Interferes with nerve cells

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18
Q

What do Enterotoxins do

A

affects cells lining gut tract

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19
Q

Example of Neurotoxins

A

•Clostridum botulinum
•Clostridium tetanii
secrete extremely potent neurotoxins which lead to two very different forms of fatal paralysis

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20
Q

Example of Enterotoxins

A

•Clostridium perfringens
secretes an enterotoxin which can induce gastroentertis on its own

21
Q

Is a virulence or colonization factor directly involved in causing a disease

A

Virulence factor

22
Q

What is a colonization factor necessary for

A

A disease to progress but is not directly involved

23
Q

Where are Endotoxins primarily found

A

In Gram negative organism

24
Q

Example of Colonization factors

A

•Adhesins
•Flagella
Both for motility

25
Q

Example of an Endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

26
Q

When are Endotoxins released

A

•On cell death
•Through membrane blebbing

27
Q

Example of Anti-phagocytic factors

A

•Capsules
•Anti-phagocytic compounds

28
Q

What is Phagocytosis blocked by

A

The capsule

29
Q

Example of Opportunist Pathogens

A

•S. aureus commonly found on skin but pathogenic in blood infections
•C. difficile takes advantage of antibiotic treatments changing microbiome

30
Q

Name the 3 modes of disease transmission

A

•Contact transmission
•Vehicle transmission
•Vector transmission

31
Q

Explain Contact transmission in Disease transmission

A

•Direct contact-person to person
•Indirect contact-needles, toothbrushes
•Droplet transmission- spread via droplet nuclei

32
Q

Explain Vehicle transmission in Disease transmission

A

•Air
•Drinking water
•Food

33
Q

Explain Vector transmission in Disease transmission

A

•Biological
•Mechanical

34
Q

Name the 2 basic protections from infection

A

•Skin
•Mucous membrane

35
Q

How does Skin protect from infection

A

•Acts as barrier tight layer of packed cells
•Entrance through cuts

36
Q

How does Mucous membrane protect from infection

A

•line the body cavities that are open to the outside world (nose)

37
Q

What is the adaptive immunity system also known as

A

Acquired immunity

38
Q

Explain Acquired immunity

A

•Develops from birth, as we encounter various pathogens
•Antigens trigger specific response

39
Q

Name the components of Bacterial cells

A

•Cell walls, capsules
•Flagella
•Proteins (internal + external)
•Toxins
•Food may have antigens that provoke allergic reactions

40
Q

What are Antigens recognised by

A

Antigenic determinants (epitopes)

41
Q

Name the types of Antigens

A

•Exogenous
•Endogenous
•Auto

42
Q

Examples of Exogenous antigens

A

•Toxins
•Components of microorganism cell wall

43
Q

Explain Endogenous Antigens

A

•M/O that reproduce within the body
•Immune system can’t see the microorganism so must look for antigen
•Require in-corporation into host cell’s cytoplasmic membrane.

44
Q

Explain Auto antigens

A

Antigens on normal uninfected cells which are inappropriately targeted

45
Q

Name the types of Antibodies

A

•IgM
•IgA
•IgD
•IgG
•IgE
(MADGE)

46
Q

How many polypeptide chains in Antibodies

A

4 polypeptide chains

47
Q

How many identical long chains and how many short chains in an Antibody

A

•2 long
•2 short

48
Q

What type of bond links chains

A

Disulphide bond

49
Q

What shape are Antibodies

A

Y shaped

Microbiology (18 decks)

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