Lecture 7 - Bone Injuries Flashcards
What are the 2 types of bone tissue?
- Trabecular (spongy - high porosity)
- Cortical (compact - low porosity)
What type of bone tissues forms outer shell of long bones?
Cortical bone
What type of bone marrow produces blood cells?
Red bone marrow
What type of bone marrow stores fat?
Yellow bone marrow
Where is red marrow found in adult and children?
Children: most bones
Adults: flat bones, vertebrae, long bones
Where is yellow bone marrow found in adults?
Long bones
What are the functions of bones?
- mechanical purpose
- mineral storage (calcium and phosphate)
- blood cell production
- fat storage
- hormone regulation (osteocalcin)
What are the mechanical purposes of bones?
- protect organs
- facilitate movement
- provide a framework for support
How do bones adapt to training?
Physical training that involves dynamic loading with increase bone mass (bone mineral density). It is site specific and only a short duration of loading is necessary
What is osteoclasts?
Removal of bone
What is osteoblasts?
Production of bone
What are the 6 types of bone injuries?
- traumatic fracture (open or closed)
- pathological (osteoporosis and cancer)
- stress fracture
- Bone contusion (acute traumatic injury without fracture)
- osteitis (inflammation of bone)
- periostitis (inflammation of periosteum)
What are the stages of bone healing? Briefly explain.
- Blood clotting and inflammation (3-7 days)
- Soft callus formation (2 weeks)
- woven bone formed to stabilize bone, highly unorganized - Hard callus formation (2 weeks)
- lamellar bone formed, highly organized - Bone remodelling (can last for many years)
What are high risk sports for spinal injuries in young athletes?
- figure skating
- gymnastics
- weightlifting
- wrestling
What is the spinal injury continuum?
- bone stress reaction (posterior element overuse syndrome)
- Stress fracture (spondylolysis)
- Slipping of vertebrae (spondylolisthesis)
What are risk factors for low back stress fractures in young athletes?
- excessive extension and rotatition loads
- improper technique
- hyperlordosis (caused by weak hamstrings and glutes –> causes hip muscles to get shorter and pelvis tilts fwd)
What is spondylolysis?
Stress fracture in the spine
What is spondylolisthesis?
Slipping of the vertebrae caused by a stress fracture
What is medial tibial stress syndrome?
periosteal inflammation along the tibia caused by repetitive loading (shine splints)
How does pain differ between MTSS and tibial stress fracture?
MTSS: diffuse pain
Stress fracture: focal pain
What causes tibial stress fractures?
Repetitive loading (running and jumping)
How can we prevent stress fractures?
- Sufficient recovery
- proper technique
- cross-training
- calcium supplements
