Lecture 15 - Infection in Athletes Flashcards
What are the common pathogens that cause infections?
- virus
- bacteria
- fungi
- parasites
Trasnmission
What is direct contact? Give an example of trasnmission and an example of infection.
direct contact with an infected person
shaking hands
common cold
Trasnmission
What is indirect contact? Give an example of trasnmission and an example of infection.
infectious agent depositied onto surface
training equipment
norovirus
Trasnmission
What is droplet? Give an example of trasnmission and an example of infection.
large droplets through air
coughing
influenza
Transmission
What is airborn trasnmission? Give an example of trasnmission and an example of infection.
small particles that are inhaled
ventilation systems
tuberculosis
What is vehicle transmission? Give an example of trasnmission and an example of infection.
single contaminated source
contaminated food or water
E.Coli
Transmission
What is animal-born trasnmission? Give an example of trasnmission and an example of infection.
insect or animal
mosquitos
malaria
What is blood born transmission? Give an example of trasnmission and an example of infection.
contact with infected blood
sharing needles
HIV
What is mother to child transmission? Give an example of trasnmission and an example of infection.
pathogens pass from infected mother to child
pregnancy, breastfeeding
HBV, HIV
What are the 2 most common infections in athletes?
- respiratory illnesses
- gastrointestinal illnesses
Are men or women for susceptible to infections?
Women
What curve represents the relationship between exercise and immune function? Explain.
J-shaped curve (moderate excersises can decrease risk of exercise, but excessive exercise may impair immun function
What is the most common infection in athletes?
upper respiratory tract infection
Upper respiratory tract infection
Pathology
majority are viral
direct and indirect contac, droplets
acute infection
Upper respiratory tract infection
Symptoms and signs (diagnosis)
- runny nose, sore throat, fatigue, low grade fever, cough
Upper respiratory tract infection
Treatment
fluids, pain control, rest
What is neck check?
if symptoms are above the neck (sore throat nasal congestion) –> can RTS cautiously
if symptoms below the neck (vomiting, fever, diarrhea) –> stop actviity and rest
What does RTS look like for more severe bacterial URTI?
sinustis, pharyngitis
athletes should be afebrile and on antibitotics for at least 24 hrs before RTS
Mono
Pathology
- viral
- spread through saliva (kissing disease)
- 30-50 day incubation period
Mono
diagnosis
- clincial findings
- labratory data
Mono
Treatment
- rest, eat healthy, fluids
- tylenol/advil for sore throat and headaches
- no anti-virals
Mono
Complications
spleen enlargement, which can lead to spleen rupture (quite rare)
Mono
RTS
- recovery: 4-6 weeks from diagnosis
- when afebrile, fatigue resolved and 3 weeks from onset of symptoms –> can return to light and non-contact activity
- no worseining symptoms –> progress to more strenuous activity
- individualized
Influenza
Pathology
- A or B
- highly contagious by droplets (winter season due to dry air)
Influenza
Symptoms
Day 1-3: sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, dry cough, sore throat
Day 4: fever and muscle aches decrease, hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and mild chest discomfort
Day 8: symptoms decreases, cough and fatigue may last
Influenza
Complications
- dehydration
- pneumonia
- bronchitis
- myositis
- death
Influenza
Treatment
- supportive care, hydration
- tylenol/NSAIDS
- antivirals with 48 hrs of symptom onset
- isolation for 5 days
- RTS when all symptoms resolved
Influenza
Prevention
- vaccinations
- avoid contacts with infected people and contagious objects
- wash hands
- cough/sneeze into sleeve
- avoid touching face
- isolate if symptomatic
- face mask
- dont share water bottles/equipment
- avoid getting wet and cold after exerciese
- heat and moisture exchanging mask in the cold (below -15)
- good recovery routines
UTI
Pathology
- usually bacterial
UTI
Symptoms and signs
- urge to urinate, burning sensation when peeing
- pelvic pain
- hematuria
UTI
Risk Factors
- female
- dehydration
- intense exercise
- poor hygiene
- friction (bike)
UTI
Prevention
- stay hydrated
- hygiene
- cranberry juice
- wear loose/breathable clothing
UTI
Treatment
- antibiotics
- pain relief
- increased fluid intake
Otitis external
Pathology
bacterial
Otitis external
Signs + symptoms
- itching
- redness
- pain
- hearing loss
Otitis external
Risk factors
- chronic moisture
- trauma from foreign bodies
Otitis external
Prevention
- keep ears dry
- don’t damage the skin
Otitis external
Treatment
- antibiotics/steroid combination drops
- NSAIDS - pain control
Cellulitis
Pathology
- acute spreading of infection in dermal and subcutaneous tissues
- group A streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus
- bacterila invasion into damaged skin tissues
Cellulitis
Signs and symptoms
- pain
- redness
- swelling
- warm tense skin with ot without fever
Cellulitis
Treatment
- skin hygiene
- antibitoics
Impetigo
Pathology
- superficial skin infection
- staphylococcus or streptococcus
- direct skin to to skin contact
- broken or unborken skin
Impetigo
Signs + Symptoms
- early - tender red papules
- later - non-tender vesicles with surrounding redness
- late - honey colored crust
Impetigo
Treatment
- skin hygiene
- antibiotics (topicl - mild, oral - more severe)
Impetigo
RTS
- 72 hours of antibiotics completed
- no new lesiosn in 72 hrs
- no moist lesions
Herpes Simplex
Pathology
- HSV-1 (herpes gladiatorum)
- skin to skin contact (common in wrestler)
- hughly contagious
Herpes Simplex
Symptoms
- first mild flu-like symptoms – rash appears 1-2 days later
- burn/tingling
-leasions last 10-14 days - reactivation (latent herpes with lives in neural ganglia, tingling/burning before appearance of skin lesions, triggered by physical or emotional stress or fever)
Herpes Simplex
Treament
- pain relief
- keep dry
- oral anti-virals
Herpes Simplex
RTS
- free of systematic symptoms for 72 hrs
- new new lesions for 72 hours
- no moist or active lesions
- treated with antivirals
Tinea
Pathology
- fungal skin infection
- highly contagious
- heat and moisture help fundi grow – common in areas where we sweat
tinea pedis (athletes foot)
Pathology, symptoms, treatment
Pathology: sperficial skin infection of feet, fungi (trichophyton, epidermophyton)
Symptoms: itching, scaling, vesicles
treatment: topical or antifungals 2-4 weeks
How to prevent skin infections in athletes? (video)
- keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered
- prevent blisters (gel covers, specialized socks)
- moisture wicking clothes to prevent germs from growing
- wear sandals in locker room
- showing after parctice or games
- use anti-bacterial soap
- use clean towel
- don’t share personal care items
- wash towels, clothes and sports bag
- disinfect sports equipment
- check athletes skin
- ask athletes to check skin
