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KNES 372 > Lecture 20 - Exercise in Hot and Cold > Flashcards

Lecture 20 - Exercise in Hot and Cold Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mechanisms of heat loss?

A
  • radiation (directly to environment)
  • convection (skin to air)
  • conduction (direct contact)
  • evaporaton (breathing or sweating)
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2
Q

What are the mild heat illnesses?

A
  • edema
  • rash
  • syncope
  • cramps
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3
Q

What are the major heat illnesses?

A
  • exhaustion
  • stroke
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4
Q

Heat edema

Causes

A

peripheral vasodilation to produce heat loss leads to pooling of fluid in the distal body parts (hands and feet)

normal core temp

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5
Q

Heat edema

treatment

A
  • elevate hands/feet
  • compressive stockings
  • hydration and salt intake
  • no diuretics

7-14 days

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6
Q

Heat rash

Cause

A

sweating saturates skin and clogs sweat glands - leakage of sweat inter epidermis or dermis

normal core temp

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7
Q

Heat rash

treatment

A
  • cool skin and prevent sweating
  • loose, light clothing
  • shower in cool water, let skin air dry
  • mild anti-inflmmatory lotion

weeks

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8
Q

heat syncope

cause

A

orthostatic hypotension reuslting from peripheral vasodilatiion and venous pooling

normal core temp

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9
Q

heat syncope

symptom

A

low BP –> fainting

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10
Q

heat syncope

treatment

A
  • supine position
  • elevate legs
  • hydration
  • check injuries
  • elevation of cardiovascular and CNS
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11
Q

heat cramps

Cause

A

not really understood (electrolyte depletion, sodim?)

normal or elevated core temp

prolonged exercise > 2 hrs

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12
Q

What are common muscle groups affected by heat cramps?

A
  • thigh muscles
  • calf muscles
  • abdominals
  • back
  • shoulder
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13
Q

heat cramps

Treatment

A
  • removal from activity
  • hydration
  • light stretching or massage
  • cooling with ice
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14
Q

Heat exhaustion

Causes

A

elevated core temp (37-40)

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15
Q

Heat exhaustion

Symptoms and signs

A
  • malaise
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • heavy sweating
  • headache
  • comiting
  • weakness
  • cold or clammy hands
  • tachycardia or hypotension
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16
Q

Heat exhaustion

Treatment

A
  • remove from heat
  • supine, elevate legs
  • cool the body
  • hydration
  • monitor core temo
  • seek medical if not feeling better in an hour
17
Q

Heat stroke

cause

A

elevated core temp (40 degrees or higher)

18
Q

Heat stroke

complications

A
  • seizure
  • hypotension
  • arrtythmias
  • damage to vital organs
  • rhabdomyolysis
19
Q

Heat stroke

Signs and symptoms

A

CNS distrubances:
- irritability
- ataxia
- confusion
- coma
- seizures

20
Q

Heat stroke

Treatment

A
  • asses ABCs
  • reduce heat as quikly as possible (try to get to 38.9 within 30 minutes)
21
Q

How can you prevent heat illnesses?

A
  • education
  • screening
  • monitor those at high risk
  • no exercising when sick
  • RTS after febrile illness - observe carefully
  • stay hydrated
  • check weather conditions
  • schedule outdoor activites
  • wear sunscreen
  • sleep, diet
  • EAP
  • ensure acclimatization
22
Q

What are the IOC acclimatization guidelines?

A

minimum 1 week, optimal of 2 weeks of acclimatization before competiting in a hotter, more humid environment

23
Q

What is hypoantremia?

A

drinking too much water
serum sodium levels <130mmol/L

24
Q

Whaat are symptoms of hyponatremia?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • seizure
  • coma
  • death
25
Q

What is the RTS for heat ilnesses?

A

Mild - Within 24 hrs
Heat exhaustion - next day if signs and symptoms are no longer present
Heat stroke - within 1 month

26
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

develops when heat losses exceeds heat production

core body temp <35 degrees

27
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mild (35-37 degrees) hypothermia?

A
  • feeling cold
  • shivering
  • incoordination
  • apathy
28
Q

What is the body’s response to hypothermia?

A
  • shiovering to increase metabolism and heat
  • superfifical blood vessels constrict reducing skin heat loss
29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of moderate (32-34) hypothermia?

A
  • loss of shivering
  • confusion or sleepiness
  • slurred speech
  • decreases physiologic functioning
  • cardiac arythmias may occur
  • change of behaviour or appearance
30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of severe (<32) hypothermia?

A
  • major metabolic and physiologic abnormalities
  • aystsoled (cardiac arrest) by 18 degrees)
31
Q

How do we treat hypothermia?

A
  • passive core rewarming
  • move to warm and dry place
  • remopve wet clothing
  • cover with dry blankets
  • warm fluids
  • apply heat to trunk, axilla, and groin (not to extremities)
  • monitor closely
32
Q

What is frostbite?

A

freezing of body tissues (progresses distal to proximal and superficial to deep?

33
Q

What are the 3 stages of frostbite? Breidly describe.

A
  1. frostnip - superficial skin is frozen
  2. mild frostbite (superficial)
    - involves dermis and/or shallow subcutaneous tissue
    - skin is red or white, painful and blistering
    - usually no permanent damgae
    - increased duture susecptibility to cold injury
  3. severe frostbite (deep) - freezing of tissues below the skin and adjacent tissues (muslce, tendon, bone)
    - involves subdermal tissue
    - skin is white/gray, hard, insensitive – become sblack
    - - loss of tisues or body part
34
Q

How do we treat frostbite?

A
  • rewarming with warm water immersiom
  • pain medication and antibiotis
  • check for other injuries and conditions, especially hypothermia
35
Q

What are external risk ractors for cold injuries?

A
  • cold weather
  • wain and wind
  • wet clothing
36
Q

What are internal risk factors for cold injuries?

A
  • previous cold injury
  • body size and composition
  • sex - female
  • medical conditions
37
Q

What are preventions strategies for cold injuries?

A
  • screening
  • education
  • hydration and nutrition
  • monitor environmental condityions
  • proper clothing
  • training/competition environment
  • EAP

KNES 372 (24 decks)

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