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KNES 372 > Lecture 16 - Lung and heart > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Lung and heart Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchitis

Pathology

A
  • inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes
  • 90% are viral, sometimes bacterial
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2
Q

Bronchitis

Symptoms

A
  • nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat,mild cough
  • increased coughing for more than 10 days, fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, tightness/pain in chest (burning)
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3
Q

Bronchitis

Diagnosis

A
  • auscultation (rhonchi, wheezing)
  • slight fever or may be afebrile
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4
Q

Bronchitis

Treatment

A
  • suspension of training
  • adequate hydration
  • cough supressant
  • asthma inhalers
  • NSAIDS, nasal decongestants

if cough > 3 weeks alternative diagnosis should be considered

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5
Q

Bronchitis

RTS

A
  • acute usually lasts 3-10 days, dry cough may last longer
  • once symptoms resolve, return to low levels of activity gradually
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6
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Pathology

A
  • highly contagious accute respiratory illness
  • severe spasmodic caughing episodes
  • bacterial
  • transmission by droplets
  • incubation 5-10 days
  • stage 1 - 1-2 weeks
  • stage 2 - 1-10 weeks
  • stage 3 - 2-3 week
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7
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Complications

A

pneumonia

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8
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough)

treatment

A
  • antibitotics
  • rest
  • fluids
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9
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Prevention

A

vaccine

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10
Q

Pneumonia

Pathology

A
  • viral, bacterial or fungal invection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs (they fill with fluid or puss)
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11
Q

Pneumonia

Symptoms

A
  • persistent cough
  • fever, chills, night sweats
  • shortness of breath, chets pain, cyanosis
  • headaches, muscle ache
  • fatigue
  • confusion
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12
Q

Pneumonia

Diagnosis

A
  • physical examination
  • x-ray
  • lab test (PCR sputum culture)
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13
Q

Pneumonia

Treatment

A
  • antibiotics/antivirals/antifungals
  • rest
  • fluids
  • pain managemnet
  • cough supressant
  • oxygen therapy
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14
Q

Pneumothorax

Pathology

A
  • air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall causing lung to collapse
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15
Q

Pneumothorax

Causes

A
  • spontaneous (tall, male athletes)
  • trauma
  • damage from underlying disease
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16
Q

Pneumothorax

symptoms

A

sudden chest pain and shorntess of breath

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17
Q

Pneumothorax

diagnosis

A
  • physical examination
  • chest-x-ray
  • CT scan
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18
Q

Pneumothorax

treatment

A
  • small (less than 15%) –> conservative treatment with weekly x-rays
  • large (>15% of lung space) –> chest tube in lung for reexpansion for several days
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19
Q

What is asthma?

A

reversible airway diseas charcterized by airway narrowing and inflammation

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20
Q

Asthma

pathology

A
  • inflammation, increases mucous production, airway narrowing
  • expiratory resistance and air trapping
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21
Q

Asthma

Diagnosis

A
  • medical history
  • physical axamination
  • allergy tests
  • pulmonary function tests
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22
Q

What are the 4 pulmonary function tests?

A
  1. spirometry
  2. diffusing capacity
  3. bronchodilator reversibility
  4. exercise testing
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23
Q

Asthma

Treatment

A

long term (day to day)
- inhaled corticosteroids
- leukotrien modifiers
- long-acting beta agonist
- comibination inhalers
short term (asthma attacks)
- short acting beta agonists
- ipratropium
- oral and IV corticosteroids

24
Q

What is exeercise induced asthma (EIA)?

A

patients who have underlying asthma where exercise exacerbates it

25
Q

What is exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB)?

A

bronchospasma associated with exercises, no history of asthma)

26
Q

What is the difference in diagnosis between EIA and EIB?

A

EIA:
- pulmonary tests
- history of asthma
- bronchodilator response
EIB:
- exercises challenge tests
- spirometry
- cold air test

27
Q

What is the P wave?

A

atrial contraction

28
Q

What is the QRS wave?

A

ventricular contraction

29
Q

What is the T wave?

A

recovery of ventricles

30
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

> 100bpm

31
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

<60bpm

32
Q

What is premature atrial contraction (PAC)?

A

early beat, P wave changes, QRS is normal

33
Q

PAC

symptom

A

palpitations

34
Q

PAC

Causes

A
  • stress
  • caffeine
  • alcohol
  • fatigue
  • underlying heart conditions
35
Q

How do we diagnosis PAC?

A

EKG

36
Q

PAC tratement:

A
  • lifestyle modifications
  • medication (if needed)
37
Q

What is athletes heart?

A

Normal structure and function changes that occur with routine athletic training

VOlume and pressure laods in the LV increase –> increase LV muscle mass, wall thickness, chamber size

38
Q

What does athletes heart cause?

A
  • maximal SV and CO output
  • lower resting HR and longer diastolic filling time
  • systolic and dyastolic function remain normal
39
Q

What might physical examination of someone with athletes heart reveal?

A
  • bradycardia
  • systolic murmur
  • extra heart sounds
40
Q

Are males or females more likely to die from sudden cardia death?

A

males (male to female 2:1)

41
Q

Is risk SCD higher in athletes?

A

yes, 3x more

42
Q

What are some causes of SCD?

A
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, commotio cordic, myocarditis
43
Q

What does screening entail for SCD?

A
  • multidisiplinary team to flag at-risk athletes
  • abnormal findingds on history and physical exams require furtehr investigation (syncope sysmptoms, exercise related chest pain, HR irregularity, family history of CVD)
44
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • genetic condition (inherited and can’t be preventedz)
  • LV hypertophy which casn lead to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation and SDC
45
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment

A
  • indentify early
  • beta blockers
  • blood thinners
  • surgery
  • implantable cardioverter-defribrillator
46
Q

What is commotio cordis?

A

blunt chest trauma over heart that causes SDC
- hit in chest just before T wave
- electrical incident with ventricular febrillation

tretament: chest protectors

47
Q

Myocarditis

pathology

A
  • inflammation of heart muscle
  • viral (65%) or other causes such as covid
48
Q

Myocarditis

Symptoms

A
  • chets pain, fatigue, shortness of breath
  • cna affect hearts electrical system reduciong hearts ability to pump causing arrhythmias
  • increased risk of blood clot
49
Q

Myocarditis

Diagnosis

A
  • EKG
  • chest echo
  • blood tests
  • cardiac MRI
50
Q

Myocarditis

Treatment

A
  • prolonged period of rest
  • medication for arrythmias
51
Q

What is marfan syndrome?

A

genetic disorder that effects connective tissues

52
Q

Signs of marfan syndrome:

A
  • tall, slender build
  • long leges, arms and fingers
  • long narrow face
  • high arches, crowded teeth
  • sternum caves in or out
  • flexible joints
  • curved spine
  • high pressure in eyes
  • cystice change sin lungs
  • abnormal heart sounds
53
Q

What is the stimated prevalence of marfan?

A

1:5000

54
Q

What doe marfan increase the risk of?

A

cardiac problems:
- cardiomyopathy
- heart murmur
- mitral valve prolapse
- aortic root dilation
pulmonary conditions
- recurent sponatneous pneumothorx
- asthma
- pneumonia
- bronchitis
- cystic lung changes

55
Q

How can we detect an infection?

A

CRP test ( <3mg/L is normal, more means infection)

KNES 372 (24 decks)

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