Lecture 5: Prominent Theories in Intergroup Relations ll

Question 1

social identity

Answer 1

The aspect of our self-concept that is derived from our group memberships

Question 2

social identity theory states that

Answer 2

People fundamentally want to:
1. Achieve and maintain a positive social identity
2. Distinguish their social groups from other social groups

Question 3

tajfel on social identity theory

Answer 3

people’s context-specific attention to their personal and social identities is driven by their motivation to feel positively about themselves. To the extent that people are motivated to regard themselves positively, they will also be motivated to differentiate themselves from outsiders.

Question 4

minimal groups paradigm

Answer 4

creating artificial and arbitrary ingroups/outgroups

Question 5

Tajfel et al., 1971

Answer 5

divided people into meaningless groups (Klee and Kandinsky) and had people distribute money to other participants. Found that people favoured their own group

Question 6

self-categorization

Answer 6

the flexibility that one has in how one perceives themself

Question 7

self-categorization ->

Answer 7

social identity

Question 8

self-categorization is

Answer 8

situational

Question 9

what happens when an ingroup is threatened

Answer 9

identity becomes more salient

Question 10

optimal distinctiveness theory (brewer, 1993)

Answer 10

people want to strike a balance between their group identities and their personal identities

Question 11

what happens when an ingroup is too distinct

Answer 11

stigma, not included, undesirable, deviant

Question 12

what happens when an ingroup isn’t distinct enough?

Answer 12

lack individuality, too constraining

Question 13

self-esteem hypothesis (Hogg & Abrams, 1990)

Answer 13

Self-esteem is intrinsically linked to group identity

Question 14

Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing)

Answer 14

celebrating the ingroup’s success as your own but derogation following a failure

Question 15

example of BIRGing

Answer 15

Students are more likely to wear college apparel after a football win than a loss (Cialdini, 1976)

Question 16

derogating outgroups and self-esteem

Answer 16

Derogating outgroups can increase self-esteem

Question 17

effect of low self-esteem on ingroup/outgroup relationships

Answer 17

Lowered self-esteem increases the tendency to discriminate against outgroups

Question 18

relative deprivation theory

Answer 18

The belief that one is getting less than one deserves relative to other people or some other standard

Question 19

who do we compare ourselves to?

Answer 19

people who are similar, relevant, and proximal

Question 20

when does relative deprivation arise

Answer 20

when one perceives an undeserved discrepancy between a desired outcome and an actual outcome

Question 21

when do people believe there is a discrepancy

Answer 21

when there is a perceived lack of distributive and procedural justice

Question 22

distributive justice

Answer 22

rewards and costs are justly allocated

Question 23

procedural justice

Answer 23

fairness of procedures for distributing rewards and costs

Question 24

Occupy Wall Street Movement and Distributive Justice

Answer 24

discrepancies in inflation-adjusted household incomes

Question 25

Occupy Wall Street Movement and Procedural Justice

Answer 25

the rich avoid paying taxes

Question 26

consequences of relative deprivation

Answer 26

discontent, frustration, resentment, and hostility toward the perceived source of deprivation

Question 27

relative deprivation and anti-immigrant prejudice study

Answer 27

7000+ European survey respondents answered questions that measured personal and group relative deprivation when it comes to immigrants taking jobs. Found that group deprivation is most relevant for prejudice, personal deprivation is not

Question 28

White vs. Black discrimination overtime study

Answer 28

Participants rated the extent to which they felt Black and white people experienced discrimination from the 1950s-2000s. People thought that lower anti-Black discrimination meant that there was more anti-white discrimination; they believed the gain of another group is a loss for their group

Question 29

Derek Brown’s homebuyers study

Answer 29

Equality-enhancing condition: several banks propose increasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homeowners by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to white homebuyers
Status quo condition: several banks propose not changing mortgage loan funding over the next year
Equality-enhancing conditioning was rated as more harmful among white participants

Question 30

Derek Brown’s Eagles vs. Rattlers study

Answer 30

Random assignment to one of two teams, where one group (Rattlers) received more bonuses than the Eagles.
Win-win condition: 50 more bonuses to Eagles, 5 more to Rattlers
Lose-Lose condition: 50 fewer bonuses to Eagles, 5 fewer to Rattlers
Among Rattler participants, the Win-Win policy was seen as more harmful than the Lose-Lose policy.

Question 31

what factors were not predicative of prioritizing relative differences

Answer 31

Explicit racial preferences
Social Dominance Orientation
Political orientation

Question 32

social dominance orientation

Answer 32

preference for hierarchy

Question 33

realistic conflict theory

Answer 33

Intergroup prejudice and discrimination arise from conflicting goals and competition over limited resources

Question 34

when is prejudice amplified, according to realistic conflict theory

Answer 34

The relationship between the groups is perceived as “zero-sum” (clear winner or loser)
There is objective resource scarcity
There is perceived resource scarcity

Question 35

Amy Krosch, 2017

Answer 35

investigated the relationship between economic recessions and prejudice by having white participants classify racially ambiguous faces as Black or white
In times of recession, people had a more exclusive perception of their ingroup

Question 36

zero-sum mindset

Answer 36

perceiving one person’s gain as another’s loss