Lecture 4: Prominent Theories in Intergroup Relations l

Question 1

dominant period of scientific racism

Answer 1

before 1920s

Question 2

context of scientific racism

Answer 2

use of scientific research to justify white cultural domination

Question 3

focus of scientific racism

Answer 3

identifying exotic & negative differences in non-white people

Question 4

view of prejudice of scientific racism

Answer 4

justified by data

Question 5

what contributed to the rise of phrenology

Answer 5

many Americans were looking for a scientific justification to continue practicing slavery

Question 6

samuel morton

Answer 6

an American doctor who popularized the idea that race could be correlated with skull size, which reflected group differences in intelligence

Question 7

dominant period of psychodynamic theories

Answer 7

1920’s-1950’s

Question 8

context of psychodynamic theories

Answer 8

prevalence of explicit racism and the aftermath of the Holocaust

Question 9

focus of psychodynamic theories

Answer 9

identifying why individuals are prejudiced

Question 10

psychodynamic view of prejudice

Answer 10

irrational and unjustifiable, rooted in individual differences
- Personality
- Unconscious defense mechanisms
- Projection of frustration onto minorities

Question 11

displaced frustration and anger theory

Answer 11

People experience frustration when one of their goals is blocked. Following frustration, people feel aggression, which creates an intention to harm. However, aggression is usually displaced because the source of frustration is usually too powerful. As a result, aggression is displaced onto a weaker target (even the self).

Question 12

according to displaced frustratoin and anger theory, when is the release of anger most satisfying

Answer 12

The weaker the target, the more satisfying the release of aggression

Question 13

the authoritarian personality

Answer 13

a set of personality traits associated with belief in obedience to authority and oppression of subordinate groups

Question 14

psychodynamic explanation for the authoritarian personality

Answer 14

the ‘id’ produces negative impulses, which cannot be properly controlled by one’s ‘ego’. This psychic conflict then projects those negative impulses onto minority groups and greater respect for authority

Question 15

psychodynamic theories today

Answer 15

We study similar personality traits but don’t use psychodynamic explanations

Question 16

authoritarians today

Answer 16

Authoritarians have increased sensitivity to societal threats. They are more likely to be Trump supporters

Question 17

dominant time period of sociocultural thoeries

Answer 17

1960’s-1970’s

Question 18

context of sociocultural thoeries

Answer 18

civil rights movement

Question 19

focus of sociocultural thoeries

Answer 19

social and cultural influences on prejudice

Question 20

sociocultural view of prejudice

Answer 20

prejudice is a manifestation of cultural norms

Question 21

according to sociocultural theories, prejudice is an expression of ___

Answer 21

cultural norms

Question 22

Google Image Search study

Answer 22

countries with fewer opportunities for women tended to show fewer images of women when you did a Google Image Search for the word person

Question 23

dominant time of cognitive theories

Answer 23

1980’s-present

Question 24

context of cognitive theories

Answer 24

prejudice appears to be a universal phenomenon that emerges from low-level mental processes

Question 25

focus of cognitive theories

Answer 25

how prejudice arises from ordinary aspects of cognition

Question 26

cognitive view of prejudice

Answer 26

prejudice is a feature of the mind, not an unintended bug

Question 27

cognitive theories are accredited to ___

Answer 27

Gordon Allport

Question 28

schema theory

Answer 28

people organize information in their minds by unconsciously creating categories and scripts through experience or exposure

Question 29

how does schema theory explain stereotypes?

Answer 29

explains stereotypes as “schemas gone wrong” by arguing that we naturally categorize people into groups and make generalizations about those groups

Question 30

dominant time period of evolutionary theories

Answer 30

1990’s-present

Question 31

context of evolutionary theories

Answer 31

prejudice appears to be a universal phenomenon that emerges from challenges in evolutionary history

Question 32

focus of evolutionary theories

Answer 32

how prejudice might have been evolutionary adaptive

Question 33

evolutionary view of prejudice

Answer 33

prejudice helped address social problems in our evolutionary past (and may or may not in the present)

Question 34

evolutionary prediction of prejudice

Answer 34

across cultures, prejudice should be stronger against male outgroup members than women due to the increased probability of intergroup violence

Question 35

main question of evolutionary theories

Answer 35

“What would’ve been advantageous to our ancestors?”

Question 36

approch/avoid task

Answer 36

Paladino & Castelli, 2008 tested evolutionary theory with an approach/avoidance task. Participants move a joystick to approach or avoid a stimulus. People are slower to approach a negative word & avoid a positive word. People are faster to approach a positive word & avoid a negative word

Question 37

Paladino & Castelli, 2008 results (Black vs. white faces)

Answer 37

• White participants were faster to avoid Black faces compared to white faces
• White participants had faster avoidance than approach reaction times for Black faces

Question 38

Paladino & Castelli, 2008 results (Slavic vs. Italian names)

Answer 38

• Italian participants were faster to avoid than approach Slavic names
• Italian participants were faster to approach than avoid Italian names

Question 39

main difficulty with evolutionary theory

Answer 39

We don’t know that these findings are related to evolution; they could be related to culture instead

Question 40

dominant time period of intergroup relation theories

Answer 40

1970’s

Question 41

context of intergroup relation theories

Answer 41

persistence of group conflicts in the U.S. and around the world

Question 42

focus of intergroup relation theories

Answer 42

how social structure reinforces prejudice

Question 43

intergroup relations view of prejudice

Answer 43

prejudice is a manifestation of relationships between groups

Question 44

intergroup relations prediction of prejudice

Answer 44

prejudice is weaker when groups are integrated and have opportunity for friendships, compared to being segregated

Question 45

Salma Mouss social trust study

Answer 45

Randomly assigned Iraqi Christian soccer players to teams with no Muslims or made up of 25% Muslims. Explored whether intergroup relations can be changed following new forms of contact that are
- Cooperative (training together)
- Equal (no status differences on team)
- Endorsed by community authorities (one’s church)
- Has a shared goal (win the soccer league)

Question 46

Slama Mousa study results

Answer 46

Found that those who trained with Muslims were much more willing to train with Muslims in the future and more likely to vote for a Muslim player for an award. Being on a team that performed better improved positive outcomes. However, there were no real differences off the field

Question 47

cognitive vs. intergroup theories

Answer 47

they aren’t mutually exclusive; they can work together