Lecture 17: Experiencing Discrimination l

Question 1

the trajectory from stigma to discrimination

Answer 1

having stigma -> perceiving discrimination -> responding to discrimination -> the impact of discrimination on life outcomes

Question 2

stigma

Answer 2

Possessing (or being believed to possess) a characteristic that conveys a devalued social identity

Question 3

3 types of stigma according to Goffman

Answer 3

• Physical
• Mental
• Tribal

Question 4

tribal stigma

Answer 4

belonging to a devalued outgroup

Question 5

five dimensions of stigma

Answer 5

• Visibility
• Controllability
• Disruptiveness
• Aesthetic qualities
• Peril
  (video, CD, AP)

Question 6

visibility

Answer 6

The ease with which one’s identities can be inferred

Question 7

effect of visibility on stigmatization

Answer 7

Visible stigmas are easy to be judged by

Question 8

perception of stigma for people with visible vs. concealable stigma

Answer 8

• People with visible stigma know that others are judging them based on that stigma
• People with concealable stigma may hide their stigmas

Question 9

when are stigmas controllable?

Answer 9

• The individual is responsible for their condition
• The stigma could be eliminated by the behaviour of the stigmatized individual

Question 10

effect of controllable stigmas on discrimination

Answer 10

People with stigmas that are perceived to be controllable are more likely to be discriminated against

Question 11

People with stigmas that are perceived to be controllable are more likely to:

Answer 11

Try to escape the stigma by changing their behaviour

Question 12

People with stigmas that are perceived to be uncontrollable are more likely to:

Answer 12

• Focus on self-acceptance
• Confronting people who express prejudice

Question 13

hiring manager and controllability study

Answer 13

Subjects felt less negativity toward a hiring manager who discriminated against a candidate based on features that were deemed more controllable

Question 14

disruptiveness

Answer 14

How much a condition makes social interaction less predictable or more uncertain

Question 15

effect of familiarity on disruptiveness

Answer 15

Familiarity decreases disruptiveness over time

Question 16

aesthetic qualities

Answer 16

How much a given characteristic makes an individual upsetting to others

Question 17

effect of aesthetic qualities on stigma

Answer 17

More attractive= less stigma

Question 18

effect of familiarity on aesthetic qualities

Answer 18

Familiarity decreases the impact of aesthetic qualities

Question 19

peril

Answer 19

Degree of danger that the stigmatizing condition poses to others

Question 20

effect of peril on non-stigmatized individuals

Answer 20

Danger reminds people of their vulnerability

Question 21

effect of peril on disrcimination

Answer 21

Stigmatized identities that are perceived to be more dangerous are discriminated against more

Question 22

stigma by association

Answer 22

Associating with a stigmatized individual can lead to stigmatization

Question 23

man in painting and stigma by association

Answer 23

The man in a painting was rated as less attractive when presented next to a person who was less physically attractive

Question 24

white vs. Black job applicants and stigma by association

Answer 24

The white applicant was rated as less qualified when viewed sitting next to a Black vs. a white employee

Question 25

The problem with perceiving discrimination

Answer 25

most discrimination is blatant

Question 26

Attributional ambiguity

Answer 26

the difficulty that stereotyped groups have in interpreting feedback

Question 27

example of attributional ambiguity

Answer 27

movie crash

Question 28

female applicants and attributional ambiguity study

Answer 28

Women who were evaluated unfavourably by a blatantly prejudiced evaluator experienced less negative affect than women who were rated unfavourably by an unbiased evaluator

Question 29

attractive participants and attributional ambiguity study

Answer 29

Attractive participants were less likely to believe positive interpersonal feedback than were unattractive participants

Question 30

virtual reality and attributional ambiguity study

Answer 30

Participants were more likely to attribute the feedback to discrimination when their avatar was made to look Latinx vs. White. Similar patterns emerged in a follow-up study that gave positive feedback, meaning attributional ambiguity buffered against negative feedback, but also reduced the benefits of positive feedback

Question 31

when is discrimination more likely to happen

Answer 31

If it’s an outgroup member In a context linked to negative stereotypes When you identify more with your ingroup Having stigma consciousness When it’s blatant

Question 32

stigma consicousness

Answer 32

The belief that your group is being judged based on stereotypes

Question 33

effect of stigma consciousness on discrimination

Answer 33

Higher stigma consciousness -> more perceptions of discrimination

Question 34

effect of perceived discrimination on health

Answer 34

Feelings of low control and increased feelings of exclusion that are associated with pervasive discrimination are likely to undermine physical health

Question 35

what forms of discrimination produce the most stress?

Answer 35

Minor forms of discrimination may produce more stress because of their ambiguous nature

Question 36

what physical health risks are associated with racial discrimination?

Answer 36

- Self-reported health - Blood pressure - Smoking - Alcohol use

Question 37

what mental health risks are associated with racial discrimination?

Answer 37

- Worse well-being - Self-esteem - Control over life - Depression - Anxiety

Question 38

Racial Discrimination in Online Dating study

Answer 38

The only consistent predictors of a swipe decision were: Physical attractiveness & Whether the target belonged to the same race as the participant

Question 39

Personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)

Answer 39

the tendency for stigmatized group members to report higher levels of discrimination against their group in general than against themselves personally as members of their group

Question 40

cognitive mechanisms of the PGDD

Answer 40

- identification - accessibility - comparison standard

Question 41

identification

Answer 41

easier to identify generaL patterns across many people than to identify discrimination with any specific case

Question 42

accessibility

Answer 42

group-level examples of discrimination are more accessible in the mind than individual-level examples of discrimination

Question 43

comparison standard

Answer 43

- Our group: “is our group discriminated against compared to other groups?” - Ourselves: “am I being discriminated against compared to other group members?”

Question 44

motivational mechanisms of PGDD

Answer 44

- denial - distancing - affiliation

Question 45

denial

Answer 45

we’re motivated to deny or minimize our own experiences with discrimination due to our belief in a just world

Question 46

Belief in a just world

Answer 46

individuals have a need to believe that they live in a world where people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 47

distancing

Answer 47

motivated to distance ourselves from negative attributes associated with our ingroup

Question 47

affiliation

Answer 47

claiming discrimination may harm relationships with others

Question 48

Experience Sampling Procedure

Answer 48

Using a text-messaging service to sample participants repeatedly throughout days, weeks, etc. Allows for participants to respond ”in the moment”.

Question 49

’Daily Diary’ Method

Answer 49

Have participants write down aspects of their day at the end of each day. Allows for more longitudinal data collection but is prone to biases in participants’ own memories.