Lecture 17: Experiencing Discrimination l Flashcards

1
Q

the trajectory from stigma to discrimination

A

having stigma -> perceiving discrimination -> responding to discrimination -> the impact of discrimination on life outcomes

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2
Q

stigma

A

Possessing (or being believed to possess) a characteristic that conveys a devalued social identity

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3
Q

3 types of stigma according to Goffman

A
  • Physical
  • Mental
  • Tribal
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4
Q

tribal stigma

A

belonging to a devalued outgroup

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5
Q

five dimensions of stigma

A
  • Visibility
  • Controllability
  • Disruptiveness
  • Aesthetic qualities
  • Peril
    (video, CD, AP)
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6
Q

visibility

A

The ease with which one’s identities can be inferred

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7
Q

effect of visibility on stigmatization

A

Visible stigmas are easy to be judged by

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8
Q

perception of stigma for people with visible vs. concealable stigma

A
  • People with visible stigma know that others are judging them based on that stigma
  • People with concealable stigma may hide their stigmas
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9
Q

when are stigmas controllable?

A
  • The individual is responsible for their condition
  • The stigma could be eliminated by the behaviour of the stigmatized individual
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10
Q

effect of controllable stigmas on discrimination

A

People with stigmas that are perceived to be controllable are more likely to be discriminated against

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11
Q

People with stigmas that are perceived to be controllable are more likely to:

A

Try to escape the stigma by changing their behaviour

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12
Q

People with stigmas that are perceived to be uncontrollable are more likely to:

A
  • Focus on self-acceptance
  • Confronting people who express prejudice
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13
Q

hiring manager and controllability study

A

Subjects felt less negativity toward a hiring manager who discriminated against a candidate based on features that were deemed more controllable

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14
Q

disruptiveness

A

How much a condition makes social interaction less predictable or more uncertain

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15
Q

effect of familiarity on disruptiveness

A

Familiarity decreases disruptiveness over time

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16
Q

aesthetic qualities

A

How much a given characteristic makes an individual upsetting to others

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17
Q

effect of aesthetic qualities on stigma

A

More attractive= less stigma

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18
Q

effect of familiarity on aesthetic qualities

A

Familiarity decreases the impact of aesthetic qualities

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19
Q

peril

A

Degree of danger that the stigmatizing condition poses to others

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20
Q

effect of peril on non-stigmatized individuals

A

Danger reminds people of their vulnerability

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21
Q

effect of peril on disrcimination

A

Stigmatized identities that are perceived to be more dangerous are discriminated against more

22
Q

stigma by association

A

Associating with a stigmatized individual can lead to stigmatization

23
Q

man in painting and stigma by association

A

The man in a painting was rated as less attractive when presented next to a person who was less physically attractive

24
Q

white vs. Black job applicants and stigma by association

A

The white applicant was rated as less qualified when viewed sitting next to a Black vs. a white employee

25
Q

The problem with perceiving discrimination

A

most discrimination is blatant

26
Q

Attributional ambiguity

A

the difficulty that stereotyped groups have in interpreting feedback

27
Q

example of attributional ambiguity

A

movie crash

28
Q

female applicants and attributional ambiguity study

A

Women who were evaluated unfavourably by a blatantly prejudiced evaluator experienced less negative affect than women who were rated unfavourably by an unbiased evaluator

29
Q

attractive participants and attributional ambiguity study

A

Attractive participants were less likely to believe positive interpersonal feedback than were unattractive participants

30
Q

virtual reality and attributional ambiguity study

A

Participants were more likely to attribute the feedback to discrimination when their avatar was made to look Latinx vs. White. Similar patterns emerged in a follow-up study that gave positive feedback, meaning attributional ambiguity buffered against negative feedback, but also reduced the benefits of positive feedback

31
Q

when is discrimination more likely to happen

A

If it’s an outgroup member
In a context linked to negative stereotypes
When you identify more with your ingroup
Having stigma consciousness
When it’s blatant

32
Q

stigma consicousness

A

The belief that your group is being judged based on stereotypes

33
Q

effect of stigma consciousness on discrimination

A

Higher stigma consciousness -> more perceptions of discrimination

34
Q

effect of perceived discrimination on health

A

Feelings of low control and increased feelings of exclusion that are associated with pervasive discrimination are likely to undermine physical health

35
Q

what forms of discrimination produce the most stress?

A

Minor forms of discrimination may produce more stress because of their ambiguous nature

36
Q

what physical health risks are associated with racial discrimination?

A
  • Self-reported health
  • Blood pressure
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol use
37
Q

what mental health risks are associated with racial discrimination?

A
  • Worse well-being
  • Self-esteem
  • Control over life
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
38
Q

Racial Discrimination in Online Dating study

A

The only consistent predictors of a swipe decision were: Physical attractiveness & Whether the target belonged to the same race as the participant

39
Q

Personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)

A

the tendency for stigmatized group members to report higher levels of discrimination against their group in general than against themselves personally as members of their group

40
Q

cognitive mechanisms of the PGDD

A
  • identification
  • accessibility
  • comparison standard
41
Q

identification

A

easier to identify generaL patterns across many people than to identify discrimination with any specific case

42
Q

accessibility

A

group-level examples of discrimination are more accessible in the mind than individual-level examples of discrimination

43
Q

comparison standard

A
  • Our group: “is our group discriminated against compared to other groups?”
  • Ourselves: “am I being discriminated against compared to other group members?”
44
Q

motivational mechanisms of PGDD

A
  • denial
  • distancing
  • affiliation
45
Q

denial

A

we’re motivated to deny or minimize our own experiences with discrimination due to our belief in a just world

46
Q

Belief in a just world

A

individuals have a need to believe that they live in a world where people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get

47
Q

distancing

A

motivated to distance ourselves from negative attributes associated with our ingroup

47
Q

affiliation

A

claiming discrimination may harm relationships with others

48
Q

Experience Sampling Procedure

A

Using a text-messaging service to sample participants repeatedly throughout days, weeks, etc. Allows for participants to respond ”in the moment”.

49
Q

’Daily Diary’ Method

A

Have participants write down aspects of their day at the end of each day. Allows for more longitudinal data collection but is prone to biases in participants’ own memories.