Lecture 19: Reducing Discrimination l

Question 1

when does intergroup contact work?

Answer 1

1. support of authorities
2. equal status
3. common goals
4. cooperation
5. contact as individuals

Question 2

social identity theory

Answer 2

• We strive to achieve & maintain a positive social identity
• We strive to distinguish our own social groups from other social groups

Question 3

how does social categorization affect prejudice

Answer 3

social categorization precedes prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination

Question 4

individuation

Answer 4

Perceiving the person as a unique individual individual rather than a group member

Question 5

recategorization

Answer 5

Changing the basis by which you socially categorize someone

Question 6

2 methods of recategorization

Answer 6

• focusing on a different social category
• focusing on a common ingroup identity

Question 7

Mitchell et al., 2003 Black athletes IAT study

Answer 7

had participants complete a Black vs. white or athlete vs. politicians IAT about admired Black athletes and disliked white politicians. In the race IAT, there was a same-race effect. However, in the occupation condition, there wasn’t a racial prejudice effect

Question 8

example of a common ingroup identity

Answer 8

both being part of the same company

Question 9

Kunst et al., 2014 Christian and Muslim volunteers study

Answer 9

perceived ingroup commonality between Christian and Muslim volunteers was correlated with lower prejudice & stereotypes

Question 10

Broockman & Kalla canvasser study

Answer 10

had canvassers go door to door and ask people about their experiences with unfair treatment. They then asked people about their support for transgender people at different time intervals following the treatment and found greater support, particularly immediately after the intervention

Question 11

analogic perspective-taking

Answer 11

asking someone to recall an experience from their own lives and then sharing one’s own experience

Question 12

social categorization paradox

Answer 12

For an individual to effectively change stereotypes about their group, they have to:
- Be atypical
- Be perceived as typical of their group

Question 13

applications of the social categorization paradox

Answer 13

This paradox can also apply to how members of stigmatized groups understand role models

Question 14

role models study method

Answer 14

had undergraduate women read profiles of women in leadership positions. After reading profiles, students took a survey about their accomplishments, life goals, and personal characteristics. They were assigned two conditions and then took a self-leadership IAT

Question 15

two conditions of the role models study

Answer 15

• Similar and attainable condition: told participants they were similar to these women leaders and they had the potential to attain these positions
• Dissimilar and unattainable condition: told participants they were dissimilar to these women leaders and they didn’t have the potential to attain these positions

Question 16

role models study findings

Answer 16

• People in the low similarity condition had higher self-stereotyping IAT scores
• People in the high similarity condition had lower self-stereotyping IAT scores

Question 17

role models follow-up research

Answer 17

higher perceived similarity with counter-stereotypic role models & greater aspirations to follow in their footsteps

Question 18

history of thinking about changing the implicit bias

Answer 18

1985-2001: stable & rigid
2001-present: malleable & flexible

Question 19

4 main implicit bias intervention categories

Answer 19

1. counter-stereotypes
2. controlling bias
3. values
4. perspective-taking

Question 20

counter-stereotypes

Answer 20

showing people positive depictions of marginalized groups

Question 21

controlling bias

Answer 21

reminding people of the importance to not be biased

Question 22

values

Answer 22

reminding people of their values toward multiculturalism

Question 23

perspective-taking

Answer 23

have people take the perspective of a BLack person

Question 24

what implicit bias intervention categories are effective immediately after the intervention?

Answer 24

• Counterstereotypes and strategies to control bias are effective in reducing implicit prejudice
• Reflecting on values and perspective-taking are not effective in reducing implicit prejudice

Question 25

what implicit bias interventions are most effective immediately after the intervention?

Answer 25

• Emotional
• Self-relevant
• Targeted ingroup favouritism and outgroup hatred

Question 26

how durable are intervention effects for changing implicit bias?

Answer 26

After 24 hours, these effects were no longer present

Question 27

are implicit biases durable or malleable?

Answer 27

Implicit biases are malleable in the short-term and stable in the long-term

Question 28

what strategies produced a long-term change in implicit bias?

Answer 28

• intergroup contact
• conditioning

Question 29

Lai, Axt, et al. implicit bias interventions metaanalysis

Answer 29

Meta-analysis of 492 studies looking at the effectiveness of various interventions to change biases in implicit associations found that interventions did not produce significant indirect effects. This is not consistent with a causal relationship between change in implicit measures and changes in behaviour

Question 30

alternative approach to discrimination

Answer 30

Treat discrimination as a design problem rather than an attitude/belief problem

Question 31

when is discrimination likely to happen?

Answer 31

Information is unclear or complex
Decision-making criteria are subjective

Question 32

cultural fit

Answer 32

candidates being accepted or rejected because they “don’t fit in”

Question 33

ways to reduce cultural fit

Answer 33

• Align your definition of cultural fit with your goals
• Ask structured interview questions
• Create a checklist for indicators of fit
• Put constraints on how much fit matters

Question 34

how to prevent ambiguity and subjectivity in decision-making

Answer 34

• Pre-commit to decision-making criteria
• Remove irrelevant group-based information

Question 35

downside of prejudice reduction

Answer 35

For disadvantaged group members, reducing prejudice toward the advantaged outgroup through intergroup contact can reduce support for collective action to address inequalities

Question 36

positive contact with advantaged groups leads to

Answer 36

Reduced identification with disadvantaged ingroup
Perception that the advantaged outgroup is fair
Perception that the status quo is legitimate

Question 37

Deep canvassing is most related to _____

Answer 37

positive intergroup contact