Lecture 18: Experiencing Discrimination ll

Question 1

concealment

Answer 1

Hiding or obscuring your stigma

Question 2

two types of concealment

Answer 2

partial & complete

Question 3

benefit of concealment

Answer 3

you’re not judged negatively according to your stigma

Question 4

example of concealment

Answer 4

Sorry to Bother You, 2018: a telemarketer had greater success when using a “white accent”

Question 5

cognitive costs about concealing

Answer 5

Preoccupation
Increased vigilance

Question 6

eating-disorder roleplay study

Answer 6

people with an eating disorder role-played not having an ED. They reported having higher secrecy, suppression, and intrusive thoughts about their ED and projected ED thoughts onto the interviewer.

Question 7

eating disorder concealment study

Answer 7

eating disorder participants who were assigned to not reveal their condition to a confederate later performed worse on a cognitive test

Question 8

emotional costs of concealment

Answer 8

• Anxiety (about being caught)
• Shame (internalizing your stigma)
• Ambivalence about identity

Question 9

do most people conceal their stigmas when meeting new people?

Answer 9

A majority (67%) of participants recruited who had a concealable stigma agreed that it was best to conceal this stigma when meeting a new person

Question 10

concealing identities with a conversation partner experiment

Answer 10

Participants told to hide their identity reported lower levels of belonging and less positive interactions with a conversation partner. These effects were explained by lower feelings of authenticity.

Question 11

behavioural implications of concealing

Answer 11

• Avoiding social interactions
• Impression management to conceal stigma (ex. Counter-stereotypical behaviour, Modifying mannerisms, Lying or keeping quiet about certain topics)

Question 12

what shapes the decision to conceal or disclose?

Answer 12

• Threat of discovery
• Self-verification motives
• Context
• Degree of disclosure

Question 13

self-verification motives

Answer 13

motivations to want others to see us as we see ourselves

Question 14

compensation

Answer 14

Behaviours that reduce interpersonal discrimination toward one’s self (when stigma is visible or disclosed)

Question 15

acknowledgement

Answer 15

openly addressing one’s stigma

Question 16

result of acknowledgement

Answer 16

Eases interactions because they address underlying tension

Question 17

increased positivity

Answer 17

acting in a way to engender more positive attitudes

Question 18

examples of increased positivity

Answer 18

acting likeable, friendly, or approachable

Question 19

individuating information

Answer 19

divulging information that allows others to see one as an individual rather than just a holder of a stigmatized identity

Question 20

example of individuating information

Answer 20

Jennifer Richeson revealing her candy preferences to take away attention from her race & gender

Question 21

manipulating stigma consciousness experiment conditions

Answer 21

• Experimental: read an article about how minorities are often the target of racist remarks in social interactions
• Control: read an article about how discrimination is common against the elderly

Question 22

result of stigma consciousness for ethnic minorities

Answer 22

• More negative emotions
• Felt less authentic
• Like their conversation partner less

Question 23

result of stigma consciousness for White people

Answer 23

reported having more positive experiences

Question 24

desert island and confronting discrimination study method

Answer 24

women participated in a group decision-making study with two other people, where they had to pick 12 people out of a list of 30 who would be best suited to survive together on a desert island
During the discussion, a male confederate made sexist statements.

Question 25

desert island and confronting discrimination study results

Answer 25

• 55% of women didn’t confront the man
• 25% directly confronted the man (ex. saying it was sexist)
• 20% indirectly confronted the man

Question 26

Black confederate and racial slur study method

Answer 26

two male confederates (one Black and one white) posed as fellow participants and then the experimenter exited the room. Shortly after, the Black confederate left the room to retrieve his phone and gently bumped the white confederate’s knee on his way out

Question 27

Black confederate and racial slur study conditions

Answer 27

• Control condition: no comment
• Moderate slur: once the Black confederate had left the room, the white confederate remarked “I hate it when Black people do that.”
• Extreme slur: the White confederate uttered a racial slur once the Black confederate left

Question 28

Black confederate and racial slur study results

Answer 28

Forecasters predicted that they would feel more negatively about experiencing prejudice than they really did

Question 29

Meyers’ aggressive vs. passive confrontation study

Answer 29

Statements that received an aggressive confrontation were seen as more offensive, particularly for those confronted by an outgroup member. Outgroup members who responded in an aggressive manner were also liked more

Question 30

confronting hate speech online findings

Answer 30

Empathy-based approaches led to more tweets being deleted, and less xenophobic tweets being made by the confronted account

Question 31

why don’t people directly confront prejudice

Answer 31

• Normative to not engage with a prejudiced person
• The social norm to be polite if you do respond
• Concern about retaliation
• Diffusion of responsibility

Question 32

5 steps of confronting discrimination

Answer 32

1. An event is interpreted as discrimination
2. A discriminatory incident is an emergency
3. Take responsibility
4. Knowing how to help
5. Taking action

Question 33

step 1 of confronting discrimination

Answer 33

An event is interpreted as discrimination
(Detecting whether discrimination happened)

Question 34

step 2 of confronting discrimination

Answer 34

A discriminatory incident is an emergency
(Is the incident serious enough? Was the perpetrator blameworthy?)

Question 35

step 3 of confronting discrimination

Answer 35

Take responsibility

Question 36

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 36

each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

Question 37

step 4 of confronting discrimination

Answer 37

knowing how to help (How to confront the perpetrator without escalating the conflict?)

Question 38

step 5 of confronting discrimination

Answer 38

Taking action (Weigh risks, costs, and benefits)

Question 39

what makes for effective confrontation?

Answer 39

• Focus on behaviour or other’s reactions over a person’s character
• Being a member of the non-stigmatized group