Lecture 14: Other Forms of Stigma l Flashcards by Abby McCormick

what makes sexism different from other forms of stigma?

Men and women are generally differentiated in biology and strongly differentiated in social roles
Relationships between men and women are complicated by sexual reproduction
Women are not a numerical minority but are economically disadvantaged

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female disadvantage can be understood using

Ambivalent sexism
Prescriptive gender norms

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hostile sexism

Antagonistic negative attitudes toward women

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example beliefs of hostile sexism

Women are enemies
Women seek to control men
Women use sex to exploit men
Women demand too much

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hostile sexism scale

measures agreement towards
- Women seek to gain power by getting control over men
- Once a woman gets a man to commit to her, she usually tries to put him on a tight leash
- Many women are actually seeking special favours, such as hiring policies that favour them over men, under the guise of equality
- Most women fail to appreciate all that men do for them

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benevolent sexism

Subjectively positive attitudes and beliefs about women that justify traditional gender roles

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example beliefs of benevolent sexism

Women are pure and good
Women ought to be protected and cared for by men
Women nurture children & men through adversity

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benevolent sexism scale

measures agreement towards:
- Women should be cherished and protected by men
- Women should be placed on a pedestal
- Women, compared to men, tend to have a superior moral sensibility
- Men should be willing to sacrifice their own well-being to provide financially for the women in their lives

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results of male-female/ good-bad IAT in adults

Both women and men showed pro-female attitudes on the IAT

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results of male-female/ good-bad IAT in 4-year-olds

Girls showed pro-girl attitudes, but boys showed no reliable preference

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why does benevolent prejudice matter?

Benevolent sexism’s underpinnings lie in stereotyping women as inferior

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correlation between hostile & benevolent sexism

positively correlated r=.52

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Women with stronger benevolent sexist beliefs

Are less resistant to discrimination
Have lower educational and career goals for themselves
Take on more unpaid labour

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UN unpair labour study

women take on 3 of every 4 hours of unpaid labour

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how does benevolent sexism affect men?

Benevolent sexism allows men to characterize their privileges as deserved

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why is benevolent prejudice difficult to change?

They are superficially positive
They are difficult to see
Easy to be convinced that there is nothing to feel guilty about

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ambivalent sexism

The combination of hostile and benevolent sexism

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how does hostile sexism affect women

punishes women who challenge the status quo

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how does benevolent sexism affect women

rewards women who embrace traditional gender roles

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prescriptive gender norms

How people should behave

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womens’ prescriptive gender norms

kindness, warmth, communality, selflessness

mens’ prescriptive gender norms

leadership, competence, and agency

value of masculine traits

Masculine traits & pursuits are more highly valued

impact of stereotypes on men-women dynamic

Stereotypes legitimize men’s greater status and power relative to women

Masculinity and Brilliance study: Leslie et al., 2015

Studied the association between gender disparities in Ph.D. students and the degree to which success in the field was supposed to rely on innate brilliance (strongly associated with men). Found that there were more men in fields associated with brilliance

backlash effects

Social and economic penalties for acting counter-stereotypically

stereotype content model of successful women

High competence-low warmth & are met with envy

double-jeopardy in female perception

- Warm women are seen as less capable, competent, and committed - Competent women are seen as less likeable, more hostile, and less of a team player

sex

an organism’s biological status, typically categorized as male, female, or intersex

biological indicators

sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, external genitalia

gender

thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that a culture associates with masculinity & femininity

gender identity

a person’s sense of their gender

cisgender

a gender identity that corresponds with one’s birth sex

transgender

a gender identity that differs from one’s birth sex

non-binary

gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine

examples of non-binary identities

Multiple genders, no gender, fluctuating gender, other genders

who developed the trans youth project

Kristina Olson

trans youth project

The first lab that actively studies gender development in transgender children. Tracking socially-transitioning children longitudinally starting from 3-12 years old. Compared to siblings and unrelated children

do many transgender children change their minds?

Found that few transgender children change their minds after 5 years

transgender children and preferences study

Many studies from the lab found that transgender children express preferences consistent with their gender. There were no differences among transgender children based on how long they had been living as their current gender

takeaway from transgender children and preferences study

Children develop a sense of identity at an early age and that this identity isn’t necessarily determined by the sex assigned at birth, and that children may hold on to this identity even when it conflicts with others’ expectations

trans attitudes by state study axt et al., 2021

implicit and explicit anti-transgender attitudes were higher in states with more discriminatory laws

eligibility for trans youth project studies

child must live in a family where all other family members use pronouns for the child that do not align with the sex assigned at birth

Law, Policy and Support for LGBTQ+ Rights

individual attitudes, beliefs and perceived norms affect and are affected by law and policy

Tankard & Paluck, 2017

conducted 2 studies on the June 2015 Supreme Court case on same-sex marriages

Tankard & Paluck, 2017 study 1

told participants that a favourable ruling was likely. found: - Increased perception of norms supporting same-sex marriage - Increased support for same-sex marriage

Tankard & Paluck, 2017 study 2

tracked perceptions of norms and attitudes over time. found: - Increased perception of the status quo for same-sex marriage after the ruling - No immediate effect on individual support for same-sex marriage

same-sex marriage support legalization study Ofsou et al., 2019

States that passed same-sex marriage legalization experienced greater decreases in bias following legalization

same-sex marriage legalization and IAT study Charlesworth & Banaji, 2019

implicit anti-sexuality, age, and disability attitudes were reduced following same-sex marriage legalization

Selin Gulgoz

Lead author of a 2019 paper looking at the gender development of cisgender and transgender children

countries with high benevolent sexism

have more gender inequality