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PSYC 331 > Lecture 14: Other Forms of Stigma l > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Other Forms of Stigma l Flashcards

1
Q

what makes sexism different from other forms of stigma?

A
  • Men and women are generally differentiated in biology and strongly differentiated in social roles
  • Relationships between men and women are complicated by sexual reproduction
  • Women are not a numerical minority but are economically disadvantaged
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2
Q

female disadvantage can be understood using

A

Ambivalent sexism
Prescriptive gender norms

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3
Q

hostile sexism

A

Antagonistic negative attitudes toward women

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4
Q

example beliefs of hostile sexism

A
  • Women are enemies
  • Women seek to control men
  • Women use sex to exploit men
  • Women demand too much
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5
Q

hostile sexism scale

A

measures agreement towards
- Women seek to gain power by getting control over men
- Once a woman gets a man to commit to her, she usually tries to put him on a tight leash
- Many women are actually seeking special favours, such as hiring policies that favour them over men, under the guise of equality
- Most women fail to appreciate all that men do for them

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6
Q

benevolent sexism

A

Subjectively positive attitudes and beliefs about women that justify traditional gender roles

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7
Q

example beliefs of benevolent sexism

A
  • Women are pure and good
  • Women ought to be protected and cared for by men
  • Women nurture children & men through adversity
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8
Q

benevolent sexism scale

A

measures agreement towards:
- Women should be cherished and protected by men
- Women should be placed on a pedestal
- Women, compared to men, tend to have a superior moral sensibility
- Men should be willing to sacrifice their own well-being to provide financially for the women in their lives

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9
Q

results of male-female/ good-bad IAT in adults

A

Both women and men showed pro-female attitudes on the IAT

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10
Q

results of male-female/ good-bad IAT in 4-year-olds

A

Girls showed pro-girl attitudes, but boys showed no reliable preference

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11
Q

why does benevolent prejudice matter?

A

Benevolent sexism’s underpinnings lie in stereotyping women as inferior

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12
Q

correlation between hostile & benevolent sexism

A

positively correlated r=.52

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13
Q

Women with stronger benevolent sexist beliefs

A
  • Are less resistant to discrimination
  • Have lower educational and career goals for themselves
  • Take on more unpaid labour
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14
Q

UN unpair labour study

A

women take on 3 of every 4 hours of unpaid labour

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15
Q

how does benevolent sexism affect men?

A

Benevolent sexism allows men to characterize their privileges as deserved

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16
Q

why is benevolent prejudice difficult to change?

A
  • They are superficially positive
  • They are difficult to see
  • Easy to be convinced that there is nothing to feel guilty about
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17
Q

ambivalent sexism

A

The combination of hostile and benevolent sexism

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18
Q

how does hostile sexism affect women

A

punishes women who challenge the status quo

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19
Q

how does benevolent sexism affect women

A

rewards women who embrace traditional gender roles

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20
Q

prescriptive gender norms

A

How people should behave

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21
Q

womens’ prescriptive gender norms

A

kindness, warmth, communality, selflessness

22
Q

mens’ prescriptive gender norms

A

leadership, competence, and agency

23
Q

value of masculine traits

A

Masculine traits & pursuits are more highly valued

24
Q

impact of stereotypes on men-women dynamic

A

Stereotypes legitimize men’s greater status and power relative to women

25
Q

Masculinity and Brilliance study: Leslie et al., 2015

A

Studied the association between gender disparities in Ph.D. students and the degree to which success in the field was supposed to rely on innate brilliance (strongly associated with men). Found that there were more men in fields associated with brilliance

26
Q

backlash effects

A

Social and economic penalties for acting counter-stereotypically

27
Q

stereotype content model of successful women

A

High competence-low warmth & are met with envy

28
Q

double-jeopardy in female perception

A
  • Warm women are seen as less capable, competent, and committed
  • Competent women are seen as less likeable, more hostile, and less of a team player
29
Q

sex

A

an organism’s biological status, typically categorized as male, female, or intersex

30
Q

biological indicators

A

sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, external genitalia

31
Q

gender

A

thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that a culture associates with masculinity & femininity

32
Q

gender identity

A

a person’s sense of their gender

33
Q

cisgender

A

a gender identity that corresponds with one’s birth sex

34
Q

transgender

A

a gender identity that differs from one’s birth sex

35
Q

non-binary

A

gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine

36
Q

examples of non-binary identities

A

Multiple genders, no gender, fluctuating gender, other genders

37
Q

who developed the trans youth project

A

Kristina Olson

38
Q

trans youth project

A

The first lab that actively studies gender development in transgender children. Tracking socially-transitioning children longitudinally starting from 3-12 years old. Compared to siblings and unrelated children

39
Q

do many transgender children change their minds?

A

Found that few transgender children change their minds after 5 years

40
Q

transgender children and preferences study

A

Many studies from the lab found that transgender children express preferences consistent with their gender. There were no differences among transgender children based on how long they had been living as their current gender

41
Q

takeaway from transgender children and preferences study

A

Children develop a sense of identity at an early age and that this identity isn’t necessarily determined by the sex assigned at birth, and that children may hold on to this identity even when it conflicts with others’ expectations

42
Q

trans attitudes by state study axt et al., 2021

A

implicit and explicit anti-transgender attitudes were higher in states with more discriminatory laws

43
Q

eligibility for trans youth project studies

A

child must live in a family where all other family members use pronouns for the child that do not align with the sex assigned at birth

44
Q

Law, Policy and Support for LGBTQ+ Rights

A

individual attitudes, beliefs and perceived norms affect and are affected by law and policy

45
Q

Tankard & Paluck, 2017

A

conducted 2 studies on the June 2015 Supreme Court case on same-sex marriages

46
Q

Tankard & Paluck, 2017 study 1

A

told participants that a favourable ruling was likely. found:
- Increased perception of norms supporting same-sex marriage
- Increased support for same-sex marriage

47
Q

Tankard & Paluck, 2017 study 2

A

tracked perceptions of norms and attitudes over time. found:
- Increased perception of the status quo for same-sex marriage after the ruling
- No immediate effect on individual support for same-sex marriage

48
Q

same-sex marriage support legalization study Ofsou et al., 2019

A

States that passed same-sex marriage legalization experienced greater decreases in bias following legalization

49
Q

same-sex marriage legalization and IAT study Charlesworth & Banaji, 2019

A

implicit anti-sexuality, age, and disability attitudes were reduced following same-sex marriage legalization

50
Q

Selin Gulgoz

A

Lead author of a 2019 paper looking at the gender development of cisgender and transgender children

51
Q

countries with high benevolent sexism

A

have more gender inequality

PSYC 331 (23 decks)

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