Lecture 11: Social Categorization & Stereotypes l Flashcards

1
Q

social category

A

a mental representation of a group of people based on features that characterize that class of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are social categories created?

A

effortlessly and automatically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

can people have many social categories

A

yes, but they’re not all active in any given moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

social categorization leads to

A

Social categorization -> stereotype activation -> stereotype application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

social categorization

A

classifying a person based on features you can infer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stereotype activation

A

the extent to which a stereotype becomes accessible in one’s mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stereotype application

A

the extent to which a stereotype is used in judging/acting toward members of a target group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the main social categories in North America?

A

gender, race, age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ito & Urland, 2003

A

white participants passively viewed images of male and female Black and white people/ Some categorized the images based on gender, others categorized based on race
ERPs (event-related potentials) were also tracked during the judgment process
ERPs revealed differences in processing of race within 100 ms and based on gender within 200 ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how quickly can we encode race & gender

A

within 300 ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

do we encode race or gender first?

A

race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do we socially categorize people?

A

by deciding whether a new stimulus resembles known exemplars from a category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do people who are difficult to categorize cause

A
  • A motivation to socially categorize
  • Discomfort for the perceiver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what two groups do we divide people into?

A

ingroups & outgroups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ingroups

A

groups we identify with and belong to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

outgroups

A

groups we don’t identify with and don’t belong to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

prototypicality

A

The extent to which a person fits the observer’s concept of the essential characteristics of a social category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

higher prototypicality leads to

A

easier, faster, more frequent social categorization, and increased stereotyping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prototypicality & Death Penalty

A

archival analysis of cases involving white victims & Black defendants and whether they received the death penalty or life in prison. Found that people who were more prototypical got the death penalty 56% of the time vs. 24%, controlling for murder severity, attractiveness, etc. because they were more likely to experience prejudice & discriminatory behaviour

20
Q

Prototypicality & Shooter Bias

A

targets who are higher in racial prototypicality were more likely to receive racial bias in the treatment of whether they were holding a gun or a harmless object

21
Q

what identities are we more likely to be categorized based on?

A

Identities that are more visible

22
Q

why are people more likely to categorize based on visible identities?

A

they’re more likely to be accurate at determining these identities by looking at someone

23
Q

visible identities

A

identities based on cues in the situation & based on our senses

24
Q

situation and social categorization

A

The situation determines what social categories are more salient

25
goals and social categorization
Our goals determine what we’re looking for
26
subtyping
Sub-categories within a social category
27
what happens when counter-stereotypical information is received?
the person may be perceived to be an isolated exception, or a subtype might be created
28
susan fiske's stereotype content model
- All stereotypes form along two dimensions: warmth & competence - These dimensions are fundamental to person perception with evolutionarily adaptive benefits
29
warmth
will they harm or help me?
30
competence
can they act on their intentions?
31
how do we respond to high warmth, high competence
admiration
32
how do we respond to high warmth, low competence?
pity
33
how do we respond to low warmth, high competence
envy
34
how do we respond to low warmth, low competence?
contempt
35
Alex Koch's updated stereotype content model
there is a third dimension, ideology (conservative vs. progressive)
36
relationship between competence and ideology
Competence is largely independent of ideology
37
relationship between ideology and warmth
Groups more similar to your ideology are perceived to be warmer
38
Linda Zhou's Racial position model
Racial/ethnic minority groups within the U.S. are perceived along two dimensions: inferiority & cultural foreigness
39
superior, American people
white
40
superior, foreign people
asian
41
inferior, American people
black
42
inferior, foreign people
latinx
43
racial position model is important for understanding
- perceived discrimination - perception of group threats - strategic use of stereotypes
44
perceived discrimination
minority groups may be more likely to experience discrimination on one basis but not the other
45
double jeopardy hypothesis
racial and ethnic minority women experience lower status than men