Lecture 12: Social Categorization & Stereotypes ll

Question 1

outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 1

Tendency to perceive more similarity in outgroups than ingroups

Question 2

rival university & outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 2

Members of one’s own university were perceived as more different than those from a rival university

Question 3

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Answer 3

her college roommate viewed her as a single-story African, but she viewed Mexicans as the same way. demonstrates the outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 4

effect of outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 4

makes it easier to stereotype

Question 5

mechanisms behind the outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 5

1. quantity of contact
2. quality of contact
3. motivation to be distinct
4. motivation to dehumanize

Question 6

quantity of contact

Answer 6

people interact more with ingroup members

Question 7

consequence of quantity of contact

Answer 7

people have more individuating information about ingroup members and their unique qualities

Question 8

quality of contact

Answer 8

interactions with ingroup members are typically of higher quality

Question 9

consequence of quality of contact

Answer 9

people have more individuating information about ingroup members and their unique qualities

Question 10

motivation to be distinct

Answer 10

people are motivated to see themselves as at least somewhat distinct from the groups that they belong to

Question 11

consequence of motivation to be distinct

Answer 11

people look for ways to distinguish themselves from their ingroup to maintain their invisibility

Question 12

motivation to dehumanize

Answer 12

in some cases, we want to dehumanize others to maintain the sense that the ingroup is superior to others

Question 13

consequence of motivation to dehumanize

Answer 13

outgroup members are seen as homogenous and not separate individuals

Question 14

the cross-race effect

Answer 14

The tendency to more easily recognize & remember own-race faces compared to cross-race faces

Question 15

the cross-race effect is a consequence of

Answer 15

outgroup homogeneity

Question 16

what is the cross-race effect related to?

Answer 16

both one’s motivation and one’s ability to attend to outgroup faces

Question 17

famous cross-race effect study

Answer 17

Found that adoptees remembered Caucasian facial stimuli better (it depends on what stimuli are most important for their social context)

Question 18

one of the main implications of the cross-race effect is…

Answer 18

police line-ups

Question 19

police line-ups and cross-race effect

Answer 19

of cases that were overturned by DNA exoneration that involved eyewitness misidentification, 42% involved an instance of cross-racial misidentification

Question 20

attribution

Answer 20

the process of explaining the causes of behaviour or events

Question 21

when is the social world particularly ambiguous?

Answer 21

when we are trying to figure out why something happened

Question 22

dispositional attribution

Answer 22

an explanation for a situation that involves something inherent to the person that’s consistent across time

Question 23

situational attribution

Answer 23

an explanation for a situation that involves something specific to the situation that isn’t consistent overtime

Question 24

fundamental attribution error

Answer 24

the tendency to explain our own and other people’s behaviour in terms of dispositional traits rather than situational characteristics

Question 25

ultimate attribution error depends on...

Answer 25

Ingroup vs. outgroup Valence of behaviour

Question 26

ultimate attribution error for ingroup members

Answer 26

we associate positive behaviour with dispositional attributes, but negative behaviour with situational attributes

Question 27

ultimate attribution error for outgroup members

Answer 27

we associate positive behaviour with situational attributes, but negative behaviour with dispositional attributes We form beliefs about group’s negative traits

Question 28

illusory correlation

Answer 28

When people see two distinct events, they assume they are correlated

Question 29

Dave Hamilton study

Answer 29

Participants read 39 statements about positive or negative behaviours committed by members of groups A or B. Group A was the majority and group B was the minority. Group A had 18 positive and 8 negative behaviours and group B had 9 positives and 4 negative behaviours (same ratio), but participants overattributed negative behaviours to group B

Question 30

when do people assume group membership and behaviour are associated

Answer 30

when - A person’s group stands out (minority groups) AND - A person’s behaviour (negative) stands out

Question 31

chronic egalitarianism

Answer 31

people who have a consistent and automatic goal of reducing the activation of stereotypes

Question 32

internal motivation to control prejudice

Answer 32

a self-report scale that deals with the extent to which limited prejudice is personally important

Question 33

implementation intentions

Answer 33

if then plans given to people to help goal pursuit

Question 34

example of implementation intentions

Answer 34

If I see a Black person, then I’ll try to be non-biased

Question 35

social learning

Answer 35

parents and peers transmit stereotypes directly and indirectly

Question 36

two forms of social learning

Answer 36

direct & indirect

Question 37

direct social learning

Answer 37

rewarding or punishing for own behaviour

Question 38

indirect social learning

Answer 38

seeing someone else’s behaviour be rewarded or punished

Question 39

In experiments where one actor was treated warmly and the other coldly, five-year-old children showed:

Answer 39

- Greater explicit preferences for the preferred actor - Indicated preferred actor should receive an end-of-study reward - Adopted the label provided by the preferred actor - Imitated the object usage of the preferred actor

Question 40

media influence

Answer 40

films, magazines, TV, and ads present and reinforce stereotypes

Question 41

stereotypes of Arab characters in the media

Answer 41

heartless, brutal, and uncivilized

Question 42

stereotypes of Black men in the media

Answer 42

poor and/or criminals

Question 43

stereotypes of men in the media

Answer 43

authorities and professionals

Question 44

Portrayal of African Americans in the Media experiment

Answer 44

Dixon & Linz, 2000 analyzed content from 16 metropolitan news broadcasts. Found that Black people accounted for about 20% of the criminal activity but about 40% of the suspects’ pictures. Conversely, White people were underrepresented as perpetrators and overrepresented as victims.

Question 45

The portrayal of African Americans in the Media experiment is an example of

Answer 45

archival data

Question 46

representation of poor people in the news

Answer 46

27% of poor Americans are Black but Black people make up 63% of poor people portrayed in the top news networks. Two national surveys found that White respondents believe that more than 50% of the nation’s poor are Black

Question 47

news exposure and stereotypes experiment

Answer 47

Dixon, 2008: studied the relationship between TV news-watching and the perception of African Americans. Found that news network exposure was negatively related to estimates of African American income and positively related to negative stereotypes

Question 48

TV & news exposure and stereotypes

Answer 48

- Children who watch more TV have stronger gender/racial stereotypes - Adults who watch the news have stronger stereotypes of Black people and Muslim people

Question 49

can we conclude that watching the news causes greater stereotype levels?

Answer 49

No, we can’t make too much of these studies because they’re correlational

Question 50

gender & advertising experiment

Answer 50

had participants write an essay imagining their life 10 years from now. Found that seeing gender stereotypes caused women to reduce expressed career ambitions, while there was a minimal effect for men.

Question 51

chronic egalitarianism vs. internal motivation to control prejudice

Answer 51

Chronic egalitarianism is measured through free response whereas internal motivation to control prejudice is measured through self-report scales