Lecture 5: Major Cereals, Wheat, Corn, & Rice Flashcards
____ provide 56% of the food energy and 50% of the protein consumed on earth.
Cereals
Three cereals: ______ together comprise at least 75% of the world’s grain production
wheat, maize and rice
True or False: Domestication of wheat, rice, and corn has formed the basis of civilizations from Europe to Far East, and the New World
True
What are the major cereal crops?
Wheat (C3) Corn (Maize) (C4) Rice (C3) Barley (C3) Sorghum (C4) Oats (C3) Millet (C3 & C4; different species) Rye (C3) Triticale (wheat & rye hybrid; C3) Durum wheat (C3)
In herbs (trees in tropical bamboos), the roots are ____ and the stem is ____ withy empty internodes and full nodes.
Fibrous, culm
True or False: Leaf in grasses doesn’t have a petiole; the leaf blade is continued on the lower internode by a sheath
True
The ______ prevents water, insects, etc. enter in the sheath; the ______ anchor the leaf on the stem.
lingule, auricle
What are two examples of wind pollination adaptations?
“Hanging” stamens and feathery stigmas
What is the fruit of grasses?
Caryopsis
In the caryopsis, the ______ layer is high in proteins and the ______ stores starch,
aleurone, endosperm
What vitamins are missing from wheat?
A, B6, C
Wheat is the second oldest domesticated plant, ca. 9000 y.a. in _____ and the most cultivated plant crop worldwide.
Fertile Crescent (Middle East)
Why is wheat evolution and domestication more complicated than other cultivated plants?
it involved multiple species, hybridization and polyploidy.
True or False: Leavened bread means no fermentation is involved.
False, vice versa
______ resulted during alcoholic fermentation is trapped in the dough, stretching and expanding it
CO2
Oldest records of leavened bread from Egypt, ______
ca. 4000 y.a.
_____ wheat is the entire grain is used to prepare the flower (most nutritious)
Whole
____ is only the starchy part is milled; the pericarp and embryo are removed. The flour stores better.
Refined
_____ is refined wheat enriched with iron and vitamins
Enriched
True or False: First reference to pasta was made in ca. 1100 in Italy (Sicily).
True
Corn is a C____ plant.
4
In corn, inflorescence with male led to ______ and inflorescence in female led to ______.
staminate flowers, pistillate flowers
Corn was domesticated in ______ about ______ ya
Mexico, 5500-7000
What has more protein, corn or wheat?
Wheat 12-14: 3-7 (lower in lysine and tryptophan too)
Because corn is such “wonder” plant, it has spread rapidly after its introduction in ______ and it was absorbed into the cuisine of many ______ countries.
Europe, ie, polenta
What is the oldest domesticated plant?
Rice, 11.500 ya in China and NE India
True or False: Rice feeds more people worldwide than any other crop
True
Traditionally grown in ______ fields
Flooded
True or False: China has also recently developed cultivars of rice that can be grow in sea water
True
___ has the highest caloric and carb count compared to other major crops.
Rice
True or False: Domestication of cereals on different continents alone allowed early civilizations to thrive and grow.
True
