Lecture 5: Major Cereals, Wheat, Corn, & Rice

Question 1

____ provide 56% of the food energy and 50% of the protein consumed on earth.

Answer 1

Cereals

Question 2

Three cereals: ______ together comprise at least 75% of the world’s grain production

Answer 2

wheat, maize and rice

Question 3

True or False: Domestication of wheat, rice, and corn has formed the basis of civilizations from Europe to Far East, and the New World

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are the major cereal crops?

Answer 4

Wheat (C3)
Corn (Maize) (C4)
Rice (C3)
Barley (C3)
Sorghum (C4)
Oats (C3)
Millet (C3 & C4; different species)
Rye (C3)
Triticale (wheat & rye hybrid; C3)
Durum wheat (C3)

Question 5

In herbs (trees in tropical bamboos), the roots are ____ and the stem is ____ withy empty internodes and full nodes.

Answer 5

Fibrous, culm

Question 6

True or False: Leaf in grasses doesn’t have a petiole; the leaf blade is continued on the lower internode by a sheath

Answer 6

True

Question 7

The ______ prevents water, insects, etc. enter in the sheath; the ______ anchor the leaf on the stem.

Answer 7

lingule, auricle

Question 8

What are two examples of wind pollination adaptations?

Answer 8

“Hanging” stamens and feathery stigmas

Question 9

What is the fruit of grasses?

Answer 9

Caryopsis

Question 10

In the caryopsis, the ______ layer is high in proteins and the ______ stores starch,

Answer 10

aleurone, endosperm

Question 11

What vitamins are missing from wheat?

Answer 11

A, B6, C

Question 12

Wheat is the second oldest domesticated plant, ca. 9000 y.a. in _____ and the most cultivated plant crop worldwide.

Answer 12

Fertile Crescent (Middle East)

Question 13

Why is wheat evolution and domestication more complicated than other cultivated plants?

Answer 13

it involved multiple species, hybridization and polyploidy.

Question 14

True or False: Leavened bread means no fermentation is involved.

Answer 14

False, vice versa

Question 15

______ resulted during alcoholic fermentation is trapped in the dough, stretching and expanding it

Answer 15

CO2

Question 16

Oldest records of leavened bread from Egypt, ______

Answer 16

ca. 4000 y.a.

Question 17

_____ wheat is the entire grain is used to prepare the flower (most nutritious)

Answer 17

Whole

Question 18

____ is only the starchy part is milled; the pericarp and embryo are removed. The flour stores better.

Answer 18

Refined

Question 19

_____ is refined wheat enriched with iron and vitamins

Answer 19

Enriched

Question 20

True or False: First reference to pasta was made in ca. 1100 in Italy (Sicily).

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Corn is a C____ plant.

Answer 21

4

Question 22

In corn, inflorescence with male led to ______ and inflorescence in female led to ______.

Answer 22

staminate flowers, pistillate flowers

Question 23

Corn was domesticated in ______ about ______ ya

Answer 23

Mexico, 5500-7000

Question 24

What has more protein, corn or wheat?

Answer 24

Wheat 12-14: 3-7 (lower in lysine and tryptophan too)

Question 25

Because corn is such “wonder” plant, it has spread rapidly after its introduction in ______ and it was absorbed into the cuisine of many ______ countries.

Answer 25

Europe, ie, polenta

Question 26

What is the oldest domesticated plant?

Answer 26

Rice, 11.500 ya in China and NE India

Question 27

True or False: Rice feeds more people worldwide than any other crop

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Traditionally grown in ______ fields

Answer 28

Flooded

Question 29

True or False: China has also recently developed cultivars of rice that can be grow in sea water

Answer 29

True

Question 30

___ has the highest caloric and carb count compared to other major crops.

Answer 30

Rice

Question 31

True or False: Domestication of cereals on different continents alone allowed early civilizations to thrive and grow.

Answer 31

True