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BI 464 Plants and People > Lecture 23: Medicinal Plants (Nervous system) > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Medicinal Plants (Nervous system) Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False: Egyptians thought brain was unimportant

A

True, discarded it at embalming

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2
Q

______ thought the role of the brain was to cool the heart, the latter being responsible for thought and sensation

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

What tribe did have some sort of studying on the brain?

A

Inca

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4
Q

True or False: Brain science is very recent

A

True

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5
Q

______ (also called soporific) drugs induce sleep and are to be used in the treatment of insomnia, and in surgical anesthesia.

A

Hypnotic

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6
Q

A ______ or tranquilizer (or tranquilliser, see American and British English spelling differences) is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement (relaxant).

A

Sedative

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7
Q

_____ is a sleep remedy known to ancient greeks

A

Valeriana officinalis (Valerian)

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8
Q

In valerian, the _____ contain Sesquiterpenes, several alkaloids ; iridoids; flavones

A

root

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of valerian?

A

action unknown precisely but some Valerian compounds bind to GABA-A.

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10
Q

What is valerian used for?

A

insomnia and as a sedative for nervous stress

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11
Q

____ is a sleep remedy known to many Native N American tribes

A

Humulus lupulus (Hops)

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12
Q

The _______ in the hops inflorescence have been associated with the _______ and ______.

A

volatile oils

promotion of sleep and with anti-microbial properties

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13
Q

What is the uses of Hops?

A

Used for insomnia and nervousness; often in combination with other plants.

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14
Q

_____ is a sleep remedy known to tribes in southern N America and Aztecs.

A

Passiflora incarnata (Passion flower)

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15
Q

Flavonoids and GABA (GABA-A-related mechanism of action) in the ______.

A

Aerial parts

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16
Q

_____ is a mao inhibitor used for insomnia and anxiety

A

Passion flower

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17
Q

____ is not recommended during pregnancy

A

Passion flower

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18
Q

True or False: P. edulis from S America cultivated for its fruits

A

True

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19
Q

____ was used by Pacific cultures; first mentioned by Capt. J. Cook in 1770s.

A

Piper methisticum (kava kava)

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20
Q

_____ was used to treat anxiety AND depression

A

Kava kava

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21
Q

_______ from the ______may selectively act on limbic structures promoting anxiolysis.

A

Kavain, roots

22
Q

True or False: Kava was banned in UK and several European Countries because of several cases of toxic effects on the liver.

A

True

23
Q

_____ is one of the most important ancient medicinal plants of Europe

A

Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)

24
Q

What are the 6 types of chemicals in st johns wort?

A

The herb contains:

phloroglucinols (hyperforin and adhyperforin),

naphthodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin),

flavonoids,

xanthones,

oligomeric procyanidines,

amino acids.

25
Q

What is the mechanism of St. Johns Wort?

A

may be mediated via multiple ways: serotonergic (5-HT), noradrenergic (NE), dopaminergic (DA) systems, and via GABA.

26
Q

WHat is St John’s Wort used for?

A

Used against depression (aerial part at flowering).

27
Q

____ is a ancient medicinal plant of Europe

A

Rhodiola rosea (Sedum rosea) Rhodiola

28
Q

True or False: In rhodiola, there are hundred of compounds in there roots.

A

True, flavonoids, and phenolic glycosides.

29
Q

_____ inhibit MAO and increase serotonin levels which has a calming effect and alleviates depression.

A

Rhodiola

30
Q

True or False: Rhodiola is a general adaptogen against stress & fatigue.

A

True

31
Q

____ is known as medieval aspirin used by the ancient greeks to treat migraine headaches and inflammation

A

Tanacetum parthenium (Feverfew)

32
Q

What is the chemical in Feverfew and where is it found?

A

Parthenolide in the leaves

33
Q

What are the two mechanisms for feverfew?

A

inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, decrease of vascular smooth muscle spasm, and blockage of platelet aggregation

34
Q

_____ was Eastern Europe’s and the former USSR traditional medicine for disorders of the central nervous system to treat alzheimer’s and memory impairment

A

Narcissus spp.; Galanthus spp. (and other Amaryllidaceae)

35
Q

What is the chemical in Narcissus spp.; and Galanthus spp. and what does it do?

A

Galantamine (alkaloid): reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

36
Q

____ was traditionally used in China and India for alzheimer’s and memory and cognitive impairment

A

Huperzia sp. (firmoss)

37
Q

What is the chemical in Firmoss and what is its action?

A

Huperzine A (alkaloid)

Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

38
Q

Both _______ and _______ keep acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine, temporarily leading to increased memory function, dream recall, and lucidity. Action is reversible.

A

Galantamine and Huperzine A

39
Q

True or False: Galantamine & Huperzine A increase the duration of REM sleep and dreaming.

A

True

40
Q

True or False: Dosage ½ lower than in dementia treatment and unknown side effects of long term usage

A

True

41
Q

An _______ is a metabolic regulator which increases the ability of an organism to adapt to stress resulting either from external environmental factors (e.g., heat or cold, toxicity, sleep deprivation, overwork, infection, etc.) or from psychological ones (trauma, fatigue, anxiety, etc.).

A

adaptogen

42
Q

______ is probably the most famous medicinal herb that came from Asia

A

Panax ginseng

43
Q

______ is known as a magical plant in Ayurveda text while Koreans believed that the plant‘s leaves gave off a glow on moonlit nights.

A

Panax ginseng

44
Q

True or False:

Overharvesting of ginseng brought the species to near extinction by the 1600s.

A

True

45
Q

Where was the discovery of P. quinquefolius in 1700s that set off “ginseng rush”.

A

NA

46
Q

Where are the active ingredients in ginseng?

A

roots

47
Q

What are the 4 uses of ginseng?

A

General tonic & anti-inflammatory

Boosts immune system

Increases effect of insulin and regulate glucose in blood.

Anti-cancer (prevention)

48
Q

What plant used to treat depression is also a adaptogen?

A

Rhodiola

49
Q

What are the two chemicals in rhodiola?

A

Rosavins (phenylpropanoids) & salidroside (glucoside)

50
Q

What are the adaptogen effects of rhodiola?

A

stimulate the nervous system, enhance physical and mental performance, treat chronic fatigue, psychological stress and depression

51
Q

Question: Why are galantamine and huperzine used to treat mild alzheimer?

A

Answer: Because they are reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

52
Q

Question: Ginseng and rhodiola are adaptogens but provide what other effect?

A

Answer: alleviate depression

BI 464 Plants and People (28 decks)

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