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BI 464 Plants and People > Lecture 21: Plants and Medicine: Him and Her > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Plants and Medicine: Him and Her Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ secretes a slightly acidic, milky fluid that is the medium and carrier of semen.

A

Prostate

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2
Q

In ancient Greek “prostatēs” meant “______” and was exclusively used in a non-medical sense. It was not until the Renaissance that anatomists discovered the organ naming it “_______.”

A

president

glandulous body

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3
Q

______ is when the prostate enlarges to the point where urination becomes difficult and painful and, in extreme cases, completely impossible.

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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4
Q

The plant ______ was used for benign prostatic hyperplasia among the Greeks and Romans

A

Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)

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5
Q

In stinging nettle, the roots contain _____, _____, and _____.

A

lignans, polysaccharides, lectins

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6
Q

True or False: In stinging nettles, the mechanism of action unknown but probably affecting hormones.

A

True

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7
Q

_____ is also used against benign prostatic hyperplasia and is used by native tribes in SE USA.

A

Serenoa repens (Saw palmetto)

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8
Q

In saw palmetto, the fruits contain over _____ compounds, among which ______ are important.

A

100, sterols

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9
Q

True or False: For saw palmetto, the mechanism of action unknown, probably at multiple levels.

A

True

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10
Q

______ juice interferes with spread of prostate cancer tumors

A

Pomegranate

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11
Q

________ are an effective prostate cancer preventer.

A

Tomatoes

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12
Q

Studies indicate that _______men will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime, and another ______ will die because of it.

A

1 in 7

1 in 27

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13
Q

_____ is a chinese traditional medicine used to treat erectile dysfunction

A

Epimedium spp.(Horny goat weed)

E. sagittatum

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14
Q

What is the active ingredient in horny goat weed?

A

Icariin (a flavonol)

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15
Q

What is the mode of action (mechanism) for horny goat weed?

A

enhance the production of bioactive nitric oxide, and mimics the effects of testosterone.

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16
Q

True or False: Horny goat weed and dodder is usually used on its own.

A

False, Usually used in combination with other herbs (each other)

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17
Q

______ is a another chinese traditional medicine to treat erectile dysfunction where the active ingredients and mode of action is unknown.

A

Cuscuta spp.(Dodder);

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18
Q

_______are parasitic plants without a root or leaves. They twine around their hosts from which they extract all the water and nutrients they need.

A

Dodder

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19
Q

True or False: Animistic societies had a rich knowledge and use of male contraceptives

A

True

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20
Q

_____ is a traditional contraceptive in India

oleanolic acid 3-β-d-glucuronide (OAG) from the root 100% effective; affects sperm membrane integrity (spermicide)

A

Sesbania sesban (no common name)

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21
Q

_______ is a tincture sold in Indonesia as a male contraceptive.

A

Gendarussa

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22
Q

What do the active ingredients in gendrusa do?

A

Active ingredients (Gendarusin A) work by interfering with an enzyme located on the sperm head

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23
Q

The seeds in ____ are a spermicide as well.

A

papaya

24
Q

________are steroidal compounds that mimic reproductive female hormones, and, therefore, they have the ability to cause estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects.

A

Phytoestrogens

25
Q

Why do plants produce phytoestrogens?

A

Defensive mechanism to modulate the fertility of herbivores

26
Q

Phytoestrogens exert their effects primarily through binding to ______ receptors.

A

estrogen (Ers)

27
Q

phytoestrogens may also modulate the concentration of ________ by binding or inactivating some enzymes, and may affect the bioavailability of sex hormones by depressing or stimulating the synthesis of sex hormone-binding globulin.

A

endogenous estrogens

28
Q

Why are foods rich in phytoestrogens?

A

ie, beans, asparagus, kiwi, strawberry, blueberry, orange, soy etc…

29
Q

_______ is a steroid sapogenic.

A

Diosgenin

30
Q

1937 isolation of _______ from roots of wild sarsaparilla (Smilax spp.).

A

Diosgenin

31
Q

In 1952, synthesis of ______ and _____ based on Diosgenin for the first birth control pilll based on what plant?

A

Estradiol and Estrone

using wild yams – Dioscoraea villosa

32
Q

Who was the person most involved in creating the first female contraceptive?

A

Russel Maker

33
Q

What 6 genera of plants contain diosgenin?

A

Costus sp

Smilax sp

Paris sp

Trigonella sp.

Dioscoraea Sp

Trillium sp

34
Q

True or False: In general all the animistic cultures developed plant contraceptives, abortifacients, uterine stimulants, childbirth and labor aids.

A

True

35
Q

True or False: It is a misconception that birth control was developed in early 1900s although the term “birth control” was coined at this time

A

True

36
Q

True or False: Most of these plants used for men and womens have been studied.

A

False, they have not

37
Q

True or False: y of the plants used in herbal products for premenstrual syndrome, menopause etc., have not been studied properly.

A

True

38
Q

In Actaea racemosa (Black cohosh), the _____ and ______ are used by Native Americans to treat gynecological disorders

A

root and rhizomes

39
Q

True or False: Although it Black cohosh contains phytoestrogens, several studies have indicated absence of estrogenic effects in the body.

A

True

40
Q

What is the physiological effects of Black cohosh?

A

compounds that bind and activate serotonin receptors.

41
Q

What is the therapeutic use of black cohosh?

A

menopause, menstrual cramps

42
Q

In ancient GREEK times this plant was used as anaphrodisiac, hence the name _________

A

chaste tree

43
Q

What are the active ingredients in chaste tree?

A

Active compounds in dried fruits: flavonoids, alkaloids, diterpenoids, vitexin, casticin and steroidal hormone precursors

44
Q

What are the physiological effects of chaste tree?

A

dopaminergic effects resulting in changes of prolactin secretion

45
Q

What is chaste tree used for?

A

Infusion/tincture of fruits for PMS and mastalgia (swollen breasts)

46
Q

______ is a traditional Chinese, Korean and Japanese gynecological medicine

A

Angelica sinensis (Dong Quai)

47
Q

_____ has weak estrogen activity used to treat premenstrual syndrome and menstrual cramps

A

Dong quai

48
Q

The _____ of dong quai is used to make tea, tinctures, and capsule.

A

roots

49
Q

_____ is used to treat UTI’s by people of native people of NA

A

Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry)

50
Q

What is the chemical in cranberry and what is its effect?

A

proanthocianidins prevent bacteria such as Escherichia coli from adhering to cell lining of bladder and urethra

51
Q

True or False: Cranberry is used to treat a UTD?

A

False, used to prevent

52
Q

How is cranberry medically consumed?

A

Fruit juice & extract tablet

53
Q

________is native to E Canada and the E/S USA and grows in bogs

A

Cranberry

54
Q

Question: The first birth control pill was made from steroidal compounds extracted by the following plants?

A

Answer: B Wild yams (isolated first in sarsaparilla)

55
Q

Question: Which of the following plants can alleviate menopause and PMS based on serotonin receptors?

A

Answer: C Black cohosh

BI 464 Plants and People (28 decks)

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