Lecture 21: Plants and Medicine: Him and Her Flashcards
_______ secretes a slightly acidic, milky fluid that is the medium and carrier of semen.
Prostate
In ancient Greek “prostatēs” meant “______” and was exclusively used in a non-medical sense. It was not until the Renaissance that anatomists discovered the organ naming it “_______.”
president
glandulous body
______ is when the prostate enlarges to the point where urination becomes difficult and painful and, in extreme cases, completely impossible.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
The plant ______ was used for benign prostatic hyperplasia among the Greeks and Romans
Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
In stinging nettle, the roots contain _____, _____, and _____.
lignans, polysaccharides, lectins
True or False: In stinging nettles, the mechanism of action unknown but probably affecting hormones.
True
_____ is also used against benign prostatic hyperplasia and is used by native tribes in SE USA.
Serenoa repens (Saw palmetto)
In saw palmetto, the fruits contain over _____ compounds, among which ______ are important.
100, sterols
True or False: For saw palmetto, the mechanism of action unknown, probably at multiple levels.
True
______ juice interferes with spread of prostate cancer tumors
Pomegranate
________ are an effective prostate cancer preventer.
Tomatoes
Studies indicate that _______men will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime, and another ______ will die because of it.
1 in 7
1 in 27
_____ is a chinese traditional medicine used to treat erectile dysfunction
Epimedium spp.(Horny goat weed)
E. sagittatum
What is the active ingredient in horny goat weed?
Icariin (a flavonol)
What is the mode of action (mechanism) for horny goat weed?
enhance the production of bioactive nitric oxide, and mimics the effects of testosterone.
True or False: Horny goat weed and dodder is usually used on its own.
False, Usually used in combination with other herbs (each other)
______ is a another chinese traditional medicine to treat erectile dysfunction where the active ingredients and mode of action is unknown.
Cuscuta spp.(Dodder);
_______are parasitic plants without a root or leaves. They twine around their hosts from which they extract all the water and nutrients they need.
Dodder
True or False: Animistic societies had a rich knowledge and use of male contraceptives
True
_____ is a traditional contraceptive in India
oleanolic acid 3-β-d-glucuronide (OAG) from the root 100% effective; affects sperm membrane integrity (spermicide)
Sesbania sesban (no common name)
_______ is a tincture sold in Indonesia as a male contraceptive.
Gendarussa
What do the active ingredients in gendrusa do?
Active ingredients (Gendarusin A) work by interfering with an enzyme located on the sperm head
The seeds in ____ are a spermicide as well.
papaya
________are steroidal compounds that mimic reproductive female hormones, and, therefore, they have the ability to cause estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects.
Phytoestrogens
Why do plants produce phytoestrogens?
Defensive mechanism to modulate the fertility of herbivores
Phytoestrogens exert their effects primarily through binding to ______ receptors.
estrogen (Ers)
phytoestrogens may also modulate the concentration of ________ by binding or inactivating some enzymes, and may affect the bioavailability of sex hormones by depressing or stimulating the synthesis of sex hormone-binding globulin.
endogenous estrogens
Why are foods rich in phytoestrogens?
ie, beans, asparagus, kiwi, strawberry, blueberry, orange, soy etc…
_______ is a steroid sapogenic.
Diosgenin
1937 isolation of _______ from roots of wild sarsaparilla (Smilax spp.).
Diosgenin
In 1952, synthesis of ______ and _____ based on Diosgenin for the first birth control pilll based on what plant?
Estradiol and Estrone
using wild yams – Dioscoraea villosa
Who was the person most involved in creating the first female contraceptive?
Russel Maker
What 6 genera of plants contain diosgenin?
Costus sp
Smilax sp
Paris sp
Trigonella sp.
Dioscoraea Sp
Trillium sp
True or False: In general all the animistic cultures developed plant contraceptives, abortifacients, uterine stimulants, childbirth and labor aids.
True
True or False: It is a misconception that birth control was developed in early 1900s although the term “birth control” was coined at this time
True
True or False: Most of these plants used for men and womens have been studied.
False, they have not
True or False: y of the plants used in herbal products for premenstrual syndrome, menopause etc., have not been studied properly.
True
In Actaea racemosa (Black cohosh), the _____ and ______ are used by Native Americans to treat gynecological disorders
root and rhizomes
True or False: Although it Black cohosh contains phytoestrogens, several studies have indicated absence of estrogenic effects in the body.
True
What is the physiological effects of Black cohosh?
compounds that bind and activate serotonin receptors.
What is the therapeutic use of black cohosh?
menopause, menstrual cramps
In ancient GREEK times this plant was used as anaphrodisiac, hence the name _________
chaste tree
What are the active ingredients in chaste tree?
Active compounds in dried fruits: flavonoids, alkaloids, diterpenoids, vitexin, casticin and steroidal hormone precursors
What are the physiological effects of chaste tree?
dopaminergic effects resulting in changes of prolactin secretion
What is chaste tree used for?
Infusion/tincture of fruits for PMS and mastalgia (swollen breasts)
______ is a traditional Chinese, Korean and Japanese gynecological medicine
Angelica sinensis (Dong Quai)
_____ has weak estrogen activity used to treat premenstrual syndrome and menstrual cramps
Dong quai
The _____ of dong quai is used to make tea, tinctures, and capsule.
roots
_____ is used to treat UTI’s by people of native people of NA
Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry)
What is the chemical in cranberry and what is its effect?
proanthocianidins prevent bacteria such as Escherichia coli from adhering to cell lining of bladder and urethra
True or False: Cranberry is used to treat a UTD?
False, used to prevent
How is cranberry medically consumed?
Fruit juice & extract tablet
________is native to E Canada and the E/S USA and grows in bogs
Cranberry
Question: The first birth control pill was made from steroidal compounds extracted by the following plants?
Answer: B Wild yams (isolated first in sarsaparilla)
Question: Which of the following plants can alleviate menopause and PMS based on serotonin receptors?
Answer: C Black cohosh
