Lecture 4: Nutrition Flashcards
True or False: Food is necessary to supply energy and the raw materials for different physiological processes
True
What is the average Kcal/day a human should have?
1,200-3,200
A ____ is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of a gram of water 1 degree Celsius. 1 Kcal = 1000 calories.
kiliocalorie
True or False: Although all the macronutrients can be used as a source of energy, usually only carbohydrates and fats do so. Proteins provide more commonly the raw materials necessary for synthesis of metabolites, growth and tissue maintenance.
True
What are the 3 macronutrients and 2 micronutrients?
carb, fat, protein
vitamins, minerals
What are two examples of monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose
______ is a processed product which is one of the most used sweeteners because it is sweeter than table sugar.
Hygh Fructose Corn syrup (HFCS)
What 3 reasons make HFCS attractive to humans?
Cheap (47c per dry pound)
More easily dissolved in liquid
Used instead of regular sugar is that it acts as a preservative
It is most likely this universally added ______ that is mostly contributing to the pandemics of obesity and its cardiometabolic complications.
fructose
What are two examples of disaccharides?
sucrose (glucose + fructose) & maltose (glucose + glucose)
______ is found naturally in germinating grains.
Maltose
______ (table sugar ) is refined from sugarcane or sugar beet and it is 97% sucrose.
Sucrose
_____ are polymers of glucose.
Polysaccharides
____ is the form in which glucose is stored in plants. Found in seeds, roots, underground stems (e.g., tubers) and some fruits.
Stratch
Glucose is stored as a reserve in the human body as ______, which is a polysaccharide that is not produced by the plants
Glycogen
True or False: Excess glucose is converted to fat.
True
If the starch grain hilum is lateral, it is a wha?
Potato
If the starch grain hilum is central, it is what?
Wheat
If the starch grain hilum has a crack, it is a?
Bean
hemicellulose, pectin, gums & mucilages are ______.
Soluble fiber
cellulose & lignin are ______.
Insoluble fiber
The fiber that is partially digestible are the ______ which are digested with the help of intestinal bacteria.
hemicelluloses
True or False: Grain cereals are a better source of fiber than fruits and vegetables
True
______ are short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine.
FODMAPs
______ supply the amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins.
Proteins
It is recommended that only ______ of total caloric content to be provided by proteins
ca. 10%
How many amino acids can be synthesized and how many cannot?
11 can be synthesised in the human body and 9 cannot.
True or False: Amino acids cannot be stored by the body.
True
Exam Question: which of the flowing sugar is a disaccharide
Answer: C. Maltose
______ is the main protein of wheat
Gluten
______ is an autoimmune disease of the small intestine that impairs the body’s absorption of nutrients.
Celiac disease
True or False: For most people, there’s absolutely no reason to avoid gluten
True
Gluten intolerance” may be in fact sensitivity to ______
carbohydrates in wheat (FODMAP)
____ are glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Triglycerides
______ must be supplied through diet: linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids. Present in vegetable oils.
Essential fatty acids
What are good fats and what are bad fats?
Good = Unsaturated fatty acids
(e.g. Omega 3s, etc. –
olives, peanuts, canola, avocado, soybeans, corn, walnut
Bad = Saturated fatty acids
Coconut oil, cocoa butter, palm oil; most animal fat
______ is a steroid lipid that is vital to constituent of cells and it is used in the synthesis of various hormones
Cholesterol
______ carry cholesterol to the tissues.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
______ take excess cholesterol back to the liver, which processes and excretes the cholesterol.
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
______ result when manufactures convert (liquid) oils into solid fats through a process called hydrogenation
Trans fatty acids
True or False: Vitamins act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways in the body.
True
True or False: Water-soluble vitamins are eliminated daily from the body. They are also eliminated from the food during preparation.
Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body but can build up to toxic levels if excessive amounts are taken.
True
What are the water soluble and fat soluble vitamins?
Water = B-complex, C Fat = everything else
Deficiency in vitamin A can lead to?
Night blindness
Problems with epithelial tissues
Xerophthalmia
True or False: Vitamin C is needed for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body.
True
True or False: Vitamin C is an antioxidant and the body is not able to make vitamin C on its own.
True
True or False: Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium, which bones need to grow. A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone diseases such as osteoporosis or rickets
True
Where is vitamin E found?
Vitamin E is an antioxidant, vegetable oils, margarine, nuts, seeds, and leafy greens.
Vitamin _____ helps your body by making proteins for healthy bones and tissues Deficiency = poor blood clotting
K
True or False: Diet may prevent cancer Diet may prevent or even cure Diabetes type II Diet may help prevent dementia/ Alzheimer
True
