Lecture 3: Agricultural & Plant Domestication Flashcards
_____ (also called farming or husbandry) is the cultivation of animals and plants, and other life forms for food, fibers, medicine and other products used to sustain life.
Agriculture
When and why was agriculture established?
10,000 years ago, right before agriculture began, the world’s total human population was about 5 million.
Agriculture was necessary to evolve to provide subsistence for more people.
True or False: Agriculture made possible a shift from a nomadic way of life to human settlements.
True
True or False: Society became more simple when agriculture was established
False, more complex with the diversification of labor force
True or False: People unconsciously selected plants for things they wanted (ie, fruit, seeds,) which lead to domestication
True
Artificial selection has led to the evolution of ______ plants.
Cultivated
What is an example of artificial selection in the direction of increasing the size of harvested organs?
Carrots
True or False: They are still subspecies because they can still genetically cross, that’s why when you cultivate, you have to make sure you remove all the wild carrots
True
What is another example of artificial selection in the direction of increasing the size of harvested organs.
Corn
True or False: Corn existed on its own in the wild
False
What is two examples of artificial selection in the direction of increasing the diversity of harvested organs?
Cabbage - Brassica oleracea.
Peppers (berry)
What is an example of artificial selection in the direction of increasing the size of flowers and number of petals; also more colors.
Rose
True or False: Ornamental plants have been domesticated very recently
True
_____ is a plant “race” that has been selected intentionally and maintained through cultivation
cultivar
True or False: Cultivars do not exist in nature.
True
How many cultivars does the rose have?
tens of thousands of cultivars
True or False: As a result of artificial selection, there is little variation within species for parts of the plant that are not of interest to man.
True
True or False: The reduced genetic diversity decreases susceptibility to pests and diseases.
False, increases
______ is reserving seeds in special conditions (ie, low temperature) to preserve viability
Germplasm collection
How mant species of plants are cultivated for food?
about 5000
How many species of plants domesticated as ornamentals?
Over 50 000
True or False: Because domestic plants have diverged significantly from a genetic point of view from heir wild progenitors
True
Who created a institute that remains an important resource for germplasm maintenance, access, and utilization.
Nicolai Vavilov
What are Vavilov’s 8 centres of origin?
1 China
2 India
2a Indochina
3 Central Asia (N. India, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan)
4 The Near East
5 Mediterranean Sea, coastal and adjacent regions
6 Ethiopia
7 Southern Mexico and Middle America
8 Northeastern South America, Bolivia, Ecudor, Peru
8a Chile
What are the plants from the near East?
Wheat - Triticum spp. Barley - Hordeum vulgare Peas - Pisum sativum Chickpeas - Cicer arietinum Olives - Olea europaea Dates - Phoenix dactylifera Grapes - Vitis vinifera – Flax - Linum usitatissimum – food and fiber
Where are chickpeas and dates found now?
Mexico and mediterranean
What are the plants of China and E Asia?
Rice - Oryza sativa Soybeans - Glycine max Mango - Mangifera indica Various kinds of citrus fruits - Citrus sp. Bananas - Musa x paradisiaca
What are the plants of Africa?
Coffee - Coffea arabica Sorghum - Sorghum sp. Millet grains - several species (developed independently from China) Yams - Dioscorea sp. Cotton - Gossypium sp.
What are the plants of mesoamerica?
Corn - Zea mays, kidney beans - Phaseolus vulgaris lima beans - P. lunatus Peanuts - Arachis hypogaea cotton (developed independently from Africa) Chili peppers – Capsicum sp. Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) Tomatoes – Solanum lycopersicon Tobacco - Nicotiana tabacum Cacao - Theobroma cacao Pineapple - Ananas comosus Pumpkins, squashes - Cucurbita sp. Avocados - Persea americana
What are the plants of South America?
Potato -Solanum tuberosum and many related species Tomatoes – Solanum lycopersicon Quinoa - Chenopodium quinoa Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) Strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis)
