Lecture 24: Medicinal Plants (Wounds) Flashcards
True or False: Treatment of wounds with plants was very well known to all animistic societies and to primitive modern science.
True
Many plants contain powerful antimicrobial substances and the external application for wounds is limited by the toxic effects of other _________ in those plants.
secondary metabolic products
True or False: Hundreds of plants are antiseptic
True
_____ was discovered Discovered independently by animistic societies in Asia, Europe & N America that is antimicrobial, , anti-inflammatory, stops bleeding (only externally).
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow, milfoil)
____ was one of the plants discovered in a Neanderthal cave dated 60.000 ya.
Yarrow
What are the chemicals in yarrow?
The herb contains salicylates (aspirin); achilleine (alkaloid), flavonoids, and azulenes (essential oils)
What plant was used in reference to Achilles?
Yarrow, genera is achillea
____ was discovered both by N American tribes and by Anglo-Saxon cultures in Europe that is also antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, stops bleeding (only externally).
Hamamelis virginiana (Witch Hazel)
What and where are the chemicals located in witch hazel?
Bark contains catechins (tannins), flavonoids and essential oils.
True or False: Witch hazel can be used used cosmetically (skin cleanser & toner; astringent
True
_______ is very unusual in that it flowers in late fall, often after the first frost
Witch hazel
_____ is a ancient Egyptian remedy that is antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant.
Callendula officinalis (European marigold)
True or False: European marigold can be taken internally.
True,
Used to treat wounds, burns, but can also be used internally.
What and where are the chemicals found in European marigold
Flowers contain triterpenoids
____ is a ancient greek remedy that is a antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunostimulant.
Arnica montana (Arnica)
What and where are the chemicals found in Arnica
The herb contains sesquiterpene lactones
____ is used for first aid after injuries that do not involve open wounds, usually applied as an ointment (also very good against burns).
Arnica
_______ = phenolic glycosides of salicylic acid: e.g., salicin, populin, methyl salicylate
Salicylates
______ salicylate, derived from Gaultheria spp. (Wintergreen) is also a glycoside but volatile
Methyl
What are 3 examples of plants that contain salicylates?
Spiraea spp.
Gaultheria procumbens
Wintergreen
Betula spp.
Birch
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that mediates _______ against pathogens by production of specific proteins (_______), which are translocated in the entire body of the plant, and in turn activate other defense mechanisms
plant defense
resistance proteins
The “defence signal” can also be transmitted to nearby plants by salicylic acid being converted to _______, which is volatile.
methyl salicylate
____ is one of the oldest animistic remedies in the northern hemisphere that is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, fever-reducing; inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and platelet aggregation.
Salix spp. (Willow)
What and where are the chemicals found in Willow.
The bark: tannins, flavonoids, and SALICIN (a glycoside precursor of salicylic acid).
True or False: the therapeutic effect of willow bark take effect more quicker but not continue for a longer period of time than those of aspirin.
False, the therapeutic effect of willow bark take effect more slowly but continue for a longer period of time than those of aspirin.
Because of the conversions of salicin is hydrolyzed to salicyl alcohol and glucose by intestinal flora. Salicyl alcohol is subsequently oxidized by the liver to salicylic acid.
____ is used against headaches, general inflammation and osteoarthritis (tea made from bark).
Willow
The aspirin [from Acid and Spiraea] we know came into being in the late 1890s in the form of ______.
acetylsalicylic acid
Aspirin suppresses the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, which is done through the irreversible inactivation of the _______.
cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme
______, received Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1970 for discovering how aspirin relieves pain and inflammation.
John Vane
What are the 3 main types of aspirin usage?
Used to treat inflammation, pain, fever
Prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk.
decrease the risk of certain types of cancer (e.g., colorectal)
____ is a Australian traditional remedy noted 1st by Capt. James Cook (1770) that is antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticide
Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree)
What and where are the chemicals found in Tea Tree?
Essential oil from the herb contains terpenes
True or False: Tea tree can be used interally
False, Only external use: bacterial and fungal infections, chicken pox, herpes zoster, lice, etc.
____ is one of the oldest, most used, and best known medicinal plants (Ancient Egypt, Greeks, Romans) that is antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal
Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomille
What and where are the chemicals found in Chamomile?
ca. 150 compounds id-ed; flavonoids, essential oils (the herb
True or False: Chamolmille can be used both internally and externally
True:
Both internal (mouth ulcers, digestive tract infections) and external use (e.g., eczema, creams for wounds).
Malaria is an infectious blood disease caused by a protozoan of the genus ______ in the red blood cells.
Plasmodium
At least ______ infections/year and _______ deaths every year to malaria.
500 million, 1 million
Because of malaria, Africa was called the ______ until the 19th century.
“White’s Man Grave”
Jesuit missionaries with Spanish conquistadores noticed that Inca people in Peru used the bark of a tree called ______ (“bark of barks”) against the malaria fever.
“quina-quina”
______, ______, and ______ hold the monopoly of quinine production with trees having bark with a high concentration of quinine (8-15%).
Peru, Bolivia & Ecuador
______ + ______ = Tonic water is known as the drink of the british colonist.
gin and quinine
True or False: It is estimated that more soldiers died of malaria than in the combat.
True
What was the problems with the synthetic antimalarial drugs Atabrine?
they caused nasty side effects like nausea, diarrhea, headaches, and yellow-tinged skin. If that weren’t bad enough, Japanese propaganda spread the rumor that it caused impotence, so U.S. solders would go to great lengths to avoid taking the Atabrine pill.
True or False: , In the last decades malaria developed resistance to chloroquine.
True
_____ is used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat fever-related ailments.
Artemisia annua
_____ is toxic to chloroquinone-resistant strains of Plasmodium; the substance is secreted in the glandular trichomes found on the stems and leaves.
Artemisinin
