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Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What processes can mono- and dinucleotides be involved in?

A
  • Redox reactions
  • Energy transfer
  • Intracellular signalling
  • Biosynthetic reactions
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3
Q

What processes can polynucleotides be involved in?

A
  • Storage and decoding genetic information

* Enzymes

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4
Q

What are examples of Redox reactions that mono- and dinucleotides can be involved in?

A

NAD+/FAD

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5
Q

What are examples of energy transfer that mono- and dinucleotides can be involved in?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What are examples of intracellular signalling that mono- and dinucleotides can be involved in?

A

GTP or cAMP

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7
Q

What are examples of biosynthetic reactions that mono- and dinucleotides can be involved in?

A

ATP and NADPH

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8
Q

What are examples of storage and decoding genetic information that polynucleotides can be involved in?

A

DNA and RNA

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9
Q

What are examples of enzymes that polynucleotides can be involved in?

A

Ribozymes

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10
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

RNA that is acting as an enzyme to catalyze the synthesis of polypeptides

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11
Q

What are examples of nucleotides being found as high energy molecules?

A

NTPs ex. ATP, GTP, UTP

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12
Q

What are examples of nucleotides being found as Electron carriers?

A
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • FMNH2
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13
Q

What three parts does a nucleotide have?

A
  • Phosphate(s)
  • Nitrogen-containing aromatic base
  • Suagr
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14
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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15
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

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16
Q

What are the 5 common nitrogenous bases in nucleotides?

A
  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
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17
Q

What is the backbone of the nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimidine or Purine

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18
Q

What are the three Pyrimidine bases?

A
  • Uracil
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
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19
Q

What are Purine bases?

A
  • Adenine

* Guanine

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20
Q

How many rings does Pyrimidine have?

A

One

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21
Q

How many rings does Purine have?

A

Two

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22
Q

How many types of nucleotides can Pyrimidine form?

23
Q

How many types of bases can Purine form?

24
Q

What numbering are the nitrogens in both Purine and Pyrimidines?

A

1 and 3 but they are switch in Purine and Pyrimidiens

25
What substituents does Uracil have?
* Two carbonyl groups at 2 and 4 | * An H on each of the nitrogens
26
Where are the carbonyl groups on Uracil locates?
2 and 4
27
How many H-bonds can Uracil form and what is the breakdown?
Six; Four as an acceptor and two as a donor
28
Where can H-bonds form on uracil?
* Two on each of the two carbonyl groups as an acceptor (4 total acceptor) * Two on each NH groups as a donor (2 total donors)
29
Where is the point of attachment to a sugar in pyrimidines?
N1
30
Why is Nitrogen in the ring in Uracil not an acceptor for H-bonds?
Because the lone pair is not in a hybridized orbital
31
What are the substituents does Thymine have?
* Two carbonyls at 2 and 4 * An H on each nitrogen * A methyl group
32
Where are the carbonyls on thymine locates?
2 and 4
33
Where is the methyl group on thymine located?
5
34
How many H-bonds can Thymine form?
Six; Four as an acceptor and two as a donor
35
Where can Thymine form H-bonds?
Four acceptors on the carbonyl groups and two donors on the nitrogen groups
36
What is the difference between Thymine and Uracil
Thymine has a methyl group at position 5 and Uracil has an H
37
Why can the nitrogen at position 3 in cytosine act as an H bond acceptor?
Because the lone pair is in a hybridized orbital (it has a double bond connected to the nitrogen)
38
Which Pyrimidine has a nitrogen that can act as an H-bond acceptor?
Cytosine
39
What is the difference between Cytosine and the other Pyrimidines?
Cytosine has an NH2 group at position 4 instead of a carbonyl
40
/what are the substituents on Cytosine?
* One carbonyl group * One NH2 group * One NH group
41
Where is the carbonyl group on cytosine located?
Position 2
42
Where is the NH2 group on Cytosine located?
Position 4
43
Where is the NH group on Cytosine located?
Position 1
44
What substituent do all Pyrimidines have in common?
A carbonyl group at position 2
45
How many hydrogen bonds does Cytosine have?
Siz: Three as a donor and three as an acceptor
46
Where are the H bonds in Cytosine?
* NH2 is a donor x 2 * NH is a donor * N is an acceptor * O on the carbonyl is an acceptor x 2
47
What substituents does Adenine have and where are they?
* NH2 at position 6 | * NH group at position 3
48
How many H bonds can Adenine form?
Six; Three as a donor and three as an acceptor
49
Where are H bonds formed in Adenine?
* NH2 is a donor x 2 * All three N's are an acceptor * NH is a donor
50
When can N's act as H-bond acceptors?
When they have a double bond
51
What substituents does Guanine have?
* NH2 at position 2 * Carbonyl at position 6 * An H on the nitrogen at position 9
52
What is the difference between substituents in Adenine and Guanine?
* Guanine has its NH2 group at position 2 and adenine has it at position 6 * At position 6 guanine has a carbonyl group
53
How many H bond interactions can Guanine form?
8; Four as a donor and 4 as an acceptor
54
Where are the H bonds on Guanine?
* Carbonyl is acceptor x 2 * Two nitrogens are acceptors * Two HN's is are donors * NH2 is a donor x 2

Biocheem (38 decks)

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