Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biocheem > Lecture 27 > Flashcards

Lecture 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Combine the terms: Catabolism, Anabolism, Reductive, Oxidative

A

Anabolism - Reductive

Catabolism - Oxidative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to the metabolites in Catabolism?

A

They are oxidized so they lose electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to the cofactors in Catabolism?

A

They are reduced (because they are oxidizing agents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the typical cofactors in Catabolism?

A
  • NAD+

* FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to metabolites in Anabolism?

A

The are Reduced (they gain electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to the cofactors in Anabolism?

A

They are oxidized (they are reducing agents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the typical cofactor in anabolism?

A

Typically NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does NAD+ stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What role do Nucleotides play in metabolism?

A

They are electron carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two nucleotide structures that act as electron carriers in metabolism?

A

NAD+ and FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do you expect to see in dinucleotide structures?

A
  • Two phosphates
  • Two sugars
  • Two bases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What portions does FAD contain?

A

A flavin portion and an adenine portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the nitrogen base portion of the electron carrier dinucleotides allow for?

A

It enables them to undergo a reversible reduction reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does NAD+ contain a phosphodiester?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does NAD+ contain a phosphoanhydride?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What links nucleotides in nucleic acids?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What links nucleotides in NAD+ and FAD?

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is there no sense of direction in NAD+?

A

Because the phosphoanhydride connects to both 5’ groups on the ribose instead of the 5’ and the 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the bottom part of NAD+ made of?

A

Adenine, a phosphate and ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the top part of NAD+ made of?

A

A phosphate, a ribose, a nitrogen containing heterocyclic aromatic base structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does reduction occur in NAD+?

A

At the nicotinamide base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the reduction process of NAD+ ential?

A

Accepting an H+ and 2e which gets rid of one of the double bonds and protonates the carbon 4 reducing NAD+ to NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why isn’t the other nitrogenous base (the one thats not adenine) a pyrimidine?

A

Because it doesn’t have a second nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is it called after NAD+ is reduced?

A

It it called NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADP+?

A

NADP has an additional phosphate at the 2’ position within the adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does the additional phosphate on NADP affect the reduction process?

A

It does not because is is on the ribose sugar

28
Q

Why is NAD+ named NAD+?

A

Because it carries a positive charge in the net ring portion of the structure, it is overall negative though

29
Q

What is the bottom portion of FAD made of?

A

Adenine, ribose, and a phosphate

30
Q

What does the top part of FAD have?

A

A ribose derivative, a phosphate, aromatic nitrogen containing heterocyclic base (flavin)

31
Q

What is reduced in FAD?

A

The Flavin ring

32
Q

What does reduction of FAD entail?

A

Two H+ and 2e

33
Q

What is NAD+ typically involved in?

A

C-O bond oxidation

34
Q

What is the reduced form of FAD?

A

FADH2 or FMNH2

35
Q

What is FAD typically involved in?

A

In C-C bond oxidation

36
Q

What connects the nucleotides to each other in FAD?

A

A phosphoanhydride bond

37
Q

What is required to reduce NAD+?

A
  • H+

* 2e

38
Q

What is required to reduce NADP+?

A
  • 2H+

* 2e

39
Q

What is needed to reduce FAD?

A
  • 2H+

* 2e-

40
Q

What are the products of reduction of NAD+?

A

NADH and H+

41
Q

What are the products of reduction of NADP+?

A

NADPH and H+

42
Q

What are the productions of reduction of FAD?

A

FADH2

43
Q

What is the difference in action between NAD+, NADP+ and FAD/FADH2?

A

Typically NAD+ and NADP+ are cosubstrates so they dissociated after the reaction whereas FAD is a prosthetic group so it remains even after the reaction

44
Q

What is a consequence of FADH2 being a prosthetic group?

A

It needs to be reoxidized back into FAD for the next enzyme cycle to occur

45
Q

What can be considered high energy molecules?

A

GTP and GDP because of the phosphoanhydride bond

46
Q

What characteristics do anabolic pathways do?

A
  • They generate macromolecules from simpler ones

* They generate oxidized enzyme cofactors

47
Q

What is associated with a large free energy change in ATP?

A

The phosphoanhydride bonds

48
Q

How many kj/mol does hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bond of ATP release?

A

-32kJ/mol

49
Q

How much energy does making ATP require?

A

+32 kJ/mol

50
Q

Why is there so much energy from releasing a phosphoanhydride bond?

A
  • Decreases electrostatic repulsion
  • Resonance stabilization
  • Solvation effects
51
Q

How is does the removal of a phosphate group from ATP affect electrostatic repulsion?

A

It decreases electrostatic repulsion of the ATP molecule

52
Q

What is the charge density of phosphoanhydride bonds?

A

They have a very large negative charge density

53
Q

What is the resonance stabilization of ATP vs HPO4?

A

HPO4 has a greater degree of resonance stabilization than when on the ATP molecule

54
Q

How is solvation affected by the hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bond of ATP?

A

There is a higher degree of solvation og HPO4

55
Q

What are Thioesters?

A

Higher energy compounds similar to esters but with no e delocalization

56
Q

What happens if we decrease the free energy of products?

A

Then we increase the free energy change associated with the process

57
Q

How does resonance affect the energy of substrates?

A

Increased resonance decreases the energy of substrates

58
Q

What does a hydrolyzed ester yield?

A

A carboxyl and an alcohol

59
Q

What does hydrolysis of a Thioester yield?

A

A carboxylate and a thiol

60
Q

What is the difference in the free energy of an ester and the free energy of a thioester?

A

The free energy released from a thioester is more negative than the free energy released from an ester

61
Q

Why is the free energy released from a thioester more negative than the free energy released from an ester?

A

Because Esters have a lower starting energy and are more resonance stabilized

62
Q

What is the value of the free energy change of thioesters?

A

-32kJ/mol

63
Q

By what process is ATP generated by?

A

Catabolism

64
Q

What is ATP used in?

A

Driving unfavorable reactions
Movement (muscle, flagella)
Primary active transport (ion pumping)

65
Q

What is coupling of a reaction?

A

When a reaction with an overall unfavorable free energy change (𝛥G > 0) can occur when another favorable reaction (𝛥G < 0) occurs in concert and have an overall 𝛥G < 0

Biocheem (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions