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Biocheem > Lecture 36 > Flashcards

Lecture 36 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate-limiting step of the citric acid cycle?

A

Because it is a cyclic process it doesn’t have a rate-limiting step

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2
Q

What is the rate of the CAC affected by?

A
  • NAD+/NADH ratio
  • Regulated enzyme
  • Concentrations of intermediated
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3
Q

Which enzymes of the CAC are regulated?

A
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase

* alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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4
Q

What kind of reactions do the regulated enzymes of the CAC catalyze?

A

Oxidative decarboxylations

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5
Q

What are the inhibitors of the CAC?

A

NADH and ATP

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6
Q

What are the Activators of the CAC?

A

ADP and Ca2+

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7
Q

What regulates Citrate Synthase?

A

Citrate through product inhibition, but not at physiological conditions

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8
Q

What is Isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A
  • NADH

* ATP

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9
Q

What kind of inhibitor is NADH to isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

Allosteric effector

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10
Q

What is Isocitrate Dehydrogenase activated by?

A

ADP

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11
Q

What inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

A
  • NADH

* Succinyl CoA (product inhibition)

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12
Q

What activates alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

A

Calcium

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13
Q

Is the CAC catabolic and anabolic?

A

It is Amphibolic so its both

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14
Q

What can citrate be used to make outside of the CAC?

A

Fatty acids

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15
Q

What can alpha-ketoglutarate be used to make outside of the CAC?

A

Glutamate

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16
Q

What can oxaloacetate be used to make outside of the CAC?

A

Aspartate and carbohydrates

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17
Q

What can the CAC intermediates be used to make?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Nucleotides
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18
Q

What are Anapleurotic Reactions?

A

Reactions that replenish intermediates in a cyclic metabolic pathway

19
Q

What is the important Anaplerotic reaction in the CAC?

A

The reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

20
Q

How many carbons is acetyl-CoA?

A

A 2 carbon compound

21
Q

What does PDH catalyze?

A

The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA

22
Q

How many carbons is Oxaloacetate?

A

4 carbons

23
Q

What kind of reaction is making oxaloacetate from pyruvate?

A

A carboxylation because pyruvate is 3C and oxaloacetate is 4C

24
Q

What are the products and reactants of the conversion of Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Reactants: CO2, ATP
Products: ADP, Pi

25
Q

What does Pyruvate Carboxylase catalyze?

A

The conversion of Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate

26
Q

What catalyzes the conversion of Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate?

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

27
Q

What is acetyl-CoA an inhibitor for?

A

PDH

28
Q

What is an activator of pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Acetyl-CoA

29
Q

What inhibits and activates Pyruvate Carboxylase?

A

Acetyl-CoA activates it and ADP inhibits it

30
Q

How many ATP does the CAC produce for every acetyl-CoA and what is the breakdown?

A

10 ATP for every acetyl-CoA that comes in as citrate.
•7.5 ATP from the 3 NADH
•1.5 ATP from FADH2
•1 GTP

31
Q

What is the P:O ratio of NADH?

A

2.5

32
Q

What is the P:O ratio of FADH2?

A

1.5

33
Q

How many ATP does complete oxidation of glucose yield?

A

32 ATP

34
Q

How many ATP does anaerobic glycolysis produce net?

A

2 ATP

35
Q

What is the increase in ATP production in anaerobic vs aerobic glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis produces 2 ATP while glycolysis, the PDH rxn and the CAC produces 32 which is 16 fold

36
Q

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis and the ETC?

A
  • Because 2 NADH are produced in glycolysis that can be used to make 5 ATP
  • 2 ATP are also produced in the payoff phase of glycolysis
37
Q

How many ATP are produced from the PDH reaction?

A

2 NADH from the conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA to produce 5 ATP

38
Q

How many NADH are produced in the CAC?

A

6

39
Q

How many FADH2 are produced in the CAC?

A

2

40
Q

How many GTP are produced in the CAC?

A

2

41
Q

How many ATP are produced in the CAC from the ETC and GTP?

A

20

42
Q

How is a lactate a fuel under metabolic conditions?

A

It can be converted to pyruvate (producing NADH) which can be converted to acetyl CoA and can be oxidized in the CAC

43
Q

Why would cells consume less glucose in the presence of oxygen (Pasteur environment)

A

The cells are getting more ATP for every glucose oxidized

Biocheem (38 decks)

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