Lecture 30

Question 1

What do uncoupled system allow for?

Answer 1

Protons to enter the matrix by diffusion without ATP synthesis

Question 2

What do uncoupled systems produce instead of ATP?

Answer 2

They produce heat

Question 3

What does brown fat do?

Answer 3

Produces significant quantities of heat from aerobic catabolic processes that don’t make ATP

Question 4

What processes still occur in electron transport with an uncoupler?

Answer 4

• Oxygen consumption
• Electron transport
• Proton gradient formation

Question 5

How is the proton gradient and oxygen consumption affected by an uncoupler?

Answer 5

A proton gradient is dissipated faster and the rate of electron transport increases so oxygen consumption goes up

Question 6

How is the P:O ratio affected by an uncoupling protein?

Answer 6

The P:O ratio will decrease because the amount of phosphates consumed for every oxygen will consume will decrease as oxygen consumption increases and less phosphate is being used because ATP is not being produced

Question 7

What is 2,4-dintrophenol?

Answer 7

A diet pill that causes uncoupling and produces heat and dissipates the proton gradient

Question 8

How is oxygen consumption affected by an uncoupler like 2,4-dinitrophenol?

Answer 8

Oxygen consumption increases with uncouplers and oxygen concentration decreases until there is no more

Question 9

What could a depletion of oxygen due to an uncoupler do?

Answer 9

It can cause the electron transport chain to stop completely

Question 10

How is ATP concentration affected by an uncoupler?

Answer 10

ATP concentration doesn’t change so it remains constant

Question 11

What is the consequence of ATP formation and O2 consumption of uncouplers?

Answer 11

It slows ATP formation and allows continued O2 consumption

Question 12

Is Glycolysis Catabolic or Anabolic?

Answer 12

Catabolic

Question 13

What conversion occurs in Glycolysis?

Answer 13

The conversion of 1 molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Question 14

What high energy molecules does Glycolysis generate?

Answer 14

ATP and NADH

Question 15

How many carbons does glucose have?

Answer 15

Six

Question 16

How many carbons does Pyruvate have?

Answer 16

3

Question 17

What is the reverse pathway from Glycolysis?

Answer 17

Gluconeogenesis

Question 18

What occurs in Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 18

2 Pyruvate are converted to glucose

Question 19

What kind of pathway is gluconeogenesis (anabolic or catabolic) and does it require energy?

Answer 19

It is an energy requiring anabolic pathway

Question 20

What is the difference in energy between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Answer 20

Gluconeogenesis uses more energy in the form of high energy molecule than glycolysis

Question 21

When does Glycogen synthesis happen?

Answer 21

In a state of fasting

Question 22

What occurs in Glycogen synthesis?

Answer 22

Glucose is converted to Glycogen

Question 23

What happens in Glycogenolysis?

Answer 23

Glycogen is converted to Glucose

Question 24

How many carbons does Glucose have?

Answer 24

6

Question 25

What groups does Glucose have?

Answer 25

It has a six-carbon compound with one aldehyde group and five hydroxyl groups

Question 26

Why is Glucose an Aldose Hexose/ Aldohexose?

Answer 26

Because it contains one aldehyde and 6 carbons (Hexose)

Question 27

Is glucose linear or cyclic?

Answer 27

In aqueous environments it is cyclic

Question 28

How does glucose go from linear to cyclic?

Answer 28

A hydroxyl group can react with a carbonyl to form a hemiacetal

Question 29

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 29

It is Anaerobic

Question 30

Why is Glycolysis conserved?

Answer 30

Because the pathway is shared between so many organisms

Question 31

How many enzyme catalyzed reactions occur is glycolysis?

Answer 31

10

Question 32

Where do the enzyme catalyzed reactions in glycolysis occur?

Answer 32

In the cytosol

Question 33

What is the product of glycolysis?

Answer 33

One glucose is broken down to pyruvate

Question 34

Why is more oxidized: Pyruvate or glucose?

Answer 34

Pyruvate

Question 35

What are the two stages of Glycolysis?

Answer 35

* Energy Investment | * Energy Payout

Question 36

What happens to Glucose and ATP in the energy investment phase?

Answer 36

It needs to be activated and ATP needs to be consumed

Question 37

What sugars does the investment phase involve?

Answer 37

Hexose (6 carbon) sugars

Question 38

What sugars does the Energy Payout phase involve?

Answer 38

Triose (3 carbon) sugars

Question 39

What happens to ATP in the energy investment phase?

Answer 39

Energy is harvested in the form of ATP

Question 40

What happens to NADH in energy payout phase?

Answer 40

NADH is generated

Question 41

What is produced at the end of the energy investment phase?

Answer 41

Two molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 42

How many irreversible reactions occur in glycolysis?

Answer 42

Three

Question 43

What are the three enzymes that catalyze the irreversible reactions in Glycolysis?

Answer 43

* Hexokinase * Phosphofructokinase-1 * Pyruvate Kinase

Question 44

What three enzymes that catalyze reactions in glycolysis do we need to be aware of?

Answer 44

* Hexokinase * Phosphofructokinase-1 * Pyruvate Kinase * Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 45

What occurs in stage the end of the investment phase of Glycolysis?

Answer 45

Glucose is converted to two Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate molecules

Question 46

How many ATPs are consumed for every glucose converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

Answer 46

2 ATP

Question 47

What reaction is catalyzed by hexokinase?

Answer 47

The phosphorylate of glucose by ATP to produce Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) + ADP + H+

Question 48

What reaction is coupled when glucose is converted to Glucose 6-Phosphate?

Answer 48

Phosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate and the removal of a phosphate from ATP

Question 49

What are the characteristics catalyzed by Hexokinase?

Answer 49

* Irreversible, exergonic * Coupled reaction (ATP used) * Phosphate transfer reaction

Question 50

What is Glucose 6-Phosphate converted into?

Answer 50

Fructose 6-Phosphate

Question 51

What is the difference between glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate?

Answer 51

Fructose 6-phosphate is a ketone as opposed to an aldehyde in glucose 6-phosphate

Question 52

What are the characteristics of the reaction that converts Glucose to Fructose in glycolysis?

Answer 52

* Isomerization reactions | * Reversible

Question 53

What happens after fructose 6-phosphate is produced in glycolysis?

Answer 53

It is converted into Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Question 54

How is Fructose 6-Phosphate converted to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

Answer 54

Through the transfer of phosphate from another ATP catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1

Question 55

How many ATP is used in the conversion of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

Answer 55

One ATP

Question 56

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?

Answer 56

Phosphofructokinase

Question 57

What are the characteristics of the reaction that convert Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?

Answer 57

* Irreversibel exergonic * Coupled reaction * Phosphate transfer reaction

Question 58

What is rate limiting step in glycolysis?

Answer 58

The conversion of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by PFK-1