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Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biochemistry?

A

The scientific discipline that seeks to explain life at the molecular level

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2
Q

What is the simple definition of Biochemistry?

A

The chemistry that occurs within a biological context. The chemical reactions that occur within organisms

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3
Q

What are the six most common elements in biological systems?

A

C, H, O, N, P, S

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4
Q

What are the five essential ions in biological systems?

A

Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl

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5
Q

What are the five simple molecules?

A
  • H2O
  • CO2
  • NH3
  • O2
  • N2
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6
Q

What are the four building blocks?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleotides
  • Lipids
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7
Q

What are the three polymers?

A
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Nucleic acids
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8
Q

What are some examples of Supra-molecular assemblies?

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Chromatin
  • Membranes
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9
Q

What is the order of building things in biochemistry?

A
  • Simple molecules
  • Building blocks
  • Polymers
  • Supra-molecular assemblies
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues, organs
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10
Q

What polymers do amino acids form?

A

Proteins

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11
Q

What polymers do carbohydrates form?

A

Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What polymers do Nucleotides form?

A

Nucleic acids

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13
Q

What are the four major classes of Biomolecules?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleotides
  • Lipids
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14
Q

What are Biomolecules defined on the basis of?

A

Their chemical composition or structure or their general behavior in terms of how they interact with aqueous environments

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15
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

Biomolecules that contain an amino group and a carboxylic acid group

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16
Q

What do Carbohydrate structures come from?

A

The combination of a carbon with a water

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17
Q

What is the formula for a simple monosaccharide structure?

A

Cn(H2O)n. Basically a one to one ratio

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18
Q

What functional groups do carbohydrates often have?

A

Hydroxyl groups

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19
Q

What do nucleotides always contain?

A

Some type of aromatic base (Nitrogen in a ring structure), carbohydrate, and one or more phosphates

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20
Q

Why are lipids more distinct from amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides?

A

Because they don’t have the same kind of consistency of molecular structure

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21
Q

What aspects do lipids usually share?

A

They have poor solubility in water or are hydrophobic structures

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22
Q

What is the polarity of lipids?

A

They are usually non-polar

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23
Q

What do lipids usually form?

A

Non-polar membrane lipids, fatty acids or cholesterol

24
Q

What do lipids usually have a lot of?

A

A large amount of hydrocarbons in the structure

25
Why are lipids less likely to interact with water?
Because of the large amount of hydrocarbons that they usually have
26
What are the three ways to represent biomolecules?
* Structural formula * Ball and Stick * Space Filling
27
What are the pros to a structural fomrula?
It gives very detailed information about the elemental composition and the way individual elements or atoms are attached to each other in the overall molecular structure
28
What are the cons to the structural formula?
It doesn't give any information about the shape or the geometry of that particular molecule
29
What are the pros to the Ball-and-Stick model?
It starts to show more about the geometry and color coding shows us what molecules
30
What color is oxygen usually?
Red
31
What color is carbon usually?
Grey/black
32
What color is hydrogen usually?
White
33
What color is Nitrogen usually?
Blue
34
What are the pros to the space filling model?
It gives a good idea of the space occupied by the molecule
35
What are the cons to the space filling model?
Starts to lose information about other atoms that might be obscured by atoms in the front and we don't see double bonds
36
What are the cons to the ball and stick model?
* We don't see double bonds, we lose connectivity information * Doesn't give us an idea of the space that the atoms fill
37
What is the functional group of alcohols?
R-OH
38
What is a Carboxylate?
The deprotonated form of a carboxylic acid
39
At what pH are carboxylic acids usually deprotonated?
pH 7
40
What would a carboxyl group refer to?
Something that is a Carboxylic acid but depending on the pH the Carboxylic acid can be deprotonated to a Carboxylate
41
What do Thiol (Sulfhydryl) groups usually contain?
R-SH
42
How do Esters form?
The condensation of an acid in a carboxylic acid with a hydroxyl group
43
What are Amides?
When a nitrogen is adjacent to a carbonyl
44
What building block units form Polymers?
Monomers
45
What is meant by monomers having directionality?
All the covalent bonds are in the same direction
46
What consistency do monomers that form polymers are needed?
There is a consistency in how they are connected
47
What is meant by monomers that form polymers require asymmetry?
The bonds that connect the monomers on either side must be different
48
What is the Monomer of a Protein?
Amino acids
49
What is the Polymer of an Amino Acid?
Protein
50
What connects different amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
51
What is the Polymer of a Nucleotide?
Nucleic acids
52
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
53
What connects Nucleotide monomers together?
Phosphodiester bonds
54
What is the Polymer that Monosaccharides form?
Polysaccharides
55
What monomer forms Polysaccharides?
Monosaccharides
56
What bonds hold Monosaccharides together to form Polysaccharides?
Glycosidic bonds
57
What are all peptide bonds?
All peptide bonds are amide bonds but not all amide bonds are peptide bonds

Biocheem (38 decks)

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