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Biocheem > Lecture 35 > Flashcards

Lecture 35 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of Aerobic Catabolism?

A

To capture the energy in biological fuel molecule and use it to make ATP

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2
Q

What is the first oxidative decarboxylation in the CAC?

A

The isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

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3
Q

What does Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyze in the CAC?

A

The conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction in the CAC?

A
  • Irreversible
  • Energy capture (NADH)
  • Regulated
  • Oxidative Carboxylation
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5
Q

What is the second oxidative decarboxylation reaction in the CAC?

A

The reaction catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex that converts alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA

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6
Q

What does alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase do in the CAC?

A

It converts alpha-ketoglutarate into succinyl coA in an oxidative decarboxylation reaction

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction?

A
  • Oxidative decarboxylation
  • Irreversible
  • Energy capture (NADH)
  • Regulated
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8
Q

What is the reaction catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase similar to?

A

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase reactions

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9
Q

Why is Succinyl CoA important?

A

It is a high energy intermediate

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10
Q

Why is Succinyl CoA a high energy intermediate?

A

Because it contains a thioester

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11
Q

What is the second oxidative decarboxylation reaction in the CAC?

A

The conversion alpha-ketoglutarate by the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex to succinyl Co-A

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12
Q

What are the products of the Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?

A

NADH and CO2

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13
Q

How many carbons does Succinyl CoA have?

A

It has 4 carbons because it is a product of the second oxidative decarboxylation reaction

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14
Q

Is the conversion of Alpha-ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA and energy capture step and why?

A

Yes, because it generates NADH

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15
Q

What does the PDH reaction generate?

A

Acetyl CoA which is a thioester and high energy

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16
Q

What are the reactants of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A

Pyruvate

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17
Q

What are the products of PDH?

A
  • NADH
  • CO2
  • Acetyl-CoA
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18
Q

What are the products of alpha-ketoglutarate?

A
  • CO2
  • NADH
  • Succinyl-CoA
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19
Q

What are the reactants of alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase?

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate

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20
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A

A trans acetylation

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21
Q

What are the similarities between the PDH reaction and the alpha-ketoglutarate reaction?

A

They have similar products
•NADH, CO2
•Acetyl-CoA and Succinyl-CoA are both high energy thioesters

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22
Q

What is succinyl CoA converted to in the CAC?

A

Succinate

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23
Q

Why is the conversion of Succinyl CoA an energy transfer step?

A

Because GTP is created

24
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion succinyl CoA to Succinate?

A

A substrate-level phosphorylation

25
Q

Why is the conversion of succinyl CoA to Succinate a substrate-level phosphorylation and energy capture?

A

Because GTP is produced

26
Q

What is the only SLP in the CAC?

A

The conversion of succinyl CoA to Succinate which also generates a GTP

27
Q

What enzyme converts Succinate to Fumerate?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

28
Q

How are the reduced cofactors affected by the conversion of succinate to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase?

A

FADH2 oxidizes a single bond to a double bond. FADH2 is then oxidized to by Q which forms QH2

29
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of Succinate to Fumarate by Succinate dehydrogenase?

A

An oxidation reaction

30
Q

Which complex is succinate dehydrogenase apart of?

A

Complex II

31
Q

What is the only integral membrane protein of the CAC?

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase complex

32
Q

Why is the reaction of succinate dehydrogenase an energy capture step?

A

Because a reduced cofactor is being generated

33
Q

What molecule in glycolysis does succinyl phosphate look like?

A

1,3-BPG because it’s an acyl phosphate

34
Q

Why is succinyl phosphate a high energy molecule?

A

Because it contains an acyl phosphate

35
Q

What is important about succinate dehydrogenase?

A

It is a membrane-bound enzyme and is part of complex II in the ETC

36
Q

What is added when fumarate is converted to malate?

A

Water

37
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of fumarate to malate?

A

A hydration

38
Q

What is required to convert malate to oxaloacetate?

A

It needs to be oxidized to a carbonyl

39
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?

A

An oxidation reaction

40
Q

What are the products of the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?

A

NADH

41
Q

What can oxaloacetate be converted to?

A

An amino acid aspartate

42
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?

A

An oxidation reaction

43
Q

How many energy capture steps are in the CAC?

A

5

44
Q

What are the energy capture steps in the CAC?

A 
•Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
•alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
•Succinyl CoA to Succinate
•Succinate to fumarate
•Malate to oxaloacetate
(ASK WHY, AS IN WHAT ARE THE ENERGY CAPTURE PRODUCTS NADH, FADH?)
45
Q

Where are all the enzymes in the CAC?

A

The matrix except for succinate dehydrogenase which is in the inner mitochondrial membrane

46
Q

Is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA an energy capture reaction?

A

Yes, because NADH is created

47
Q

How many molecules of water are produced by the electron transport chain during the complete aerobic oxidation of 1 molecule of pyruvate to CO2 and water?

A

5

48
Q

How many oxidation reactions occur within the CAC cycle?

A

Four

49
Q

What is the final stage in the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids?

A

The CAC

50
Q

How many NADH and FADH in the CAC go to the ETC?

A

5

51
Q

How many electrons does every water molecule produced in the CAC require?

A

Two electrons

52
Q

Which enzymes in the CAC are regulated?

A
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase

* alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

53
Q

What is the rate-limiting step of the CAC?

A

There is no rate-limiting reaction of the CAC

54
Q

What can the rate of the CAC be affected by?

A
  • NAD+/NADH ratio
  • Regulated enzymes
  • Concentration of intermediates
55
Q

What are the inhibitors of the CAC?

A

NADH and ATP

56
Q

What are the activators of the CAC?

A

ADP and Ca2+

Biocheem (38 decks)

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