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Lecture 35 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of Aerobic Catabolism?

A

To capture the energy in biological fuel molecule and use it to make ATP

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2
Q

What is the first oxidative decarboxylation in the CAC?

A

The isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

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3
Q

What does Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyze in the CAC?

A

The conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction in the CAC?

A
  • Irreversible
  • Energy capture (NADH)
  • Regulated
  • Oxidative Carboxylation
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5
Q

What is the second oxidative decarboxylation reaction in the CAC?

A

The reaction catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex that converts alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA

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6
Q

What does alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase do in the CAC?

A

It converts alpha-ketoglutarate into succinyl coA in an oxidative decarboxylation reaction

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction?

A
  • Oxidative decarboxylation
  • Irreversible
  • Energy capture (NADH)
  • Regulated
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8
Q

What is the reaction catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase similar to?

A

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase reactions

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9
Q

Why is Succinyl CoA important?

A

It is a high energy intermediate

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10
Q

Why is Succinyl CoA a high energy intermediate?

A

Because it contains a thioester

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11
Q

What is the second oxidative decarboxylation reaction in the CAC?

A

The conversion alpha-ketoglutarate by the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex to succinyl Co-A

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12
Q

What are the products of the Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?

A

NADH and CO2

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13
Q

How many carbons does Succinyl CoA have?

A

It has 4 carbons because it is a product of the second oxidative decarboxylation reaction

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14
Q

Is the conversion of Alpha-ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA and energy capture step and why?

A

Yes, because it generates NADH

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15
Q

What does the PDH reaction generate?

A

Acetyl CoA which is a thioester and high energy

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16
Q

What are the reactants of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A

Pyruvate

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17
Q

What are the products of PDH?

A
  • NADH
  • CO2
  • Acetyl-CoA
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18
Q

What are the products of alpha-ketoglutarate?

A
  • CO2
  • NADH
  • Succinyl-CoA
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19
Q

What are the reactants of alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase?

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate

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20
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A

A trans acetylation

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21
Q

What are the similarities between the PDH reaction and the alpha-ketoglutarate reaction?

A

They have similar products
•NADH, CO2
•Acetyl-CoA and Succinyl-CoA are both high energy thioesters

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22
Q

What is succinyl CoA converted to in the CAC?

A

Succinate

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23
Q

Why is the conversion of Succinyl CoA an energy transfer step?

A

Because GTP is created

24
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion succinyl CoA to Succinate?

A

A substrate-level phosphorylation

25
Why is the conversion of succinyl CoA to Succinate a substrate-level phosphorylation and energy capture?
Because GTP is produced
26
What is the only SLP in the CAC?
The conversion of succinyl CoA to Succinate which also generates a GTP
27
What enzyme converts Succinate to Fumerate?
Succinate dehydrogenase
28
How are the reduced cofactors affected by the conversion of succinate to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase?
FADH2 oxidizes a single bond to a double bond. FADH2 is then oxidized to by Q which forms QH2
29
What kind of reaction is the conversion of Succinate to Fumarate by Succinate dehydrogenase?
An oxidation reaction
30
Which complex is succinate dehydrogenase apart of?
Complex II
31
What is the only integral membrane protein of the CAC?
Succinate Dehydrogenase complex
32
Why is the reaction of succinate dehydrogenase an energy capture step?
Because a reduced cofactor is being generated
33
What molecule in glycolysis does succinyl phosphate look like?
1,3-BPG because it's an acyl phosphate
34
Why is succinyl phosphate a high energy molecule?
Because it contains an acyl phosphate
35
What is important about succinate dehydrogenase?
It is a membrane-bound enzyme and is part of complex II in the ETC
36
What is added when fumarate is converted to malate?
Water
37
What kind of reaction is the conversion of fumarate to malate?
A hydration
38
What is required to convert malate to oxaloacetate?
It needs to be oxidized to a carbonyl
39
What kind of reaction is the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?
An oxidation reaction
40
What are the products of the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?
NADH
41
What can oxaloacetate be converted to?
An amino acid aspartate
42
What kind of reaction is the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate?
An oxidation reaction
43
How many energy capture steps are in the CAC?
5
44
What are the energy capture steps in the CAC?
``` •Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate •alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA •Succinyl CoA to Succinate •Succinate to fumarate •Malate to oxaloacetate (ASK WHY, AS IN WHAT ARE THE ENERGY CAPTURE PRODUCTS NADH, FADH?) ```
45
Where are all the enzymes in the CAC?
The matrix except for succinate dehydrogenase which is in the inner mitochondrial membrane
46
Is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA an energy capture reaction?
Yes, because NADH is created
47
How many molecules of water are produced by the electron transport chain during the complete aerobic oxidation of 1 molecule of pyruvate to CO2 and water?
5
48
How many oxidation reactions occur within the CAC cycle?
Four
49
What is the final stage in the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids?
The CAC
50
How many NADH and FADH in the CAC go to the ETC?
5
51
How many electrons does every water molecule produced in the CAC require?
Two electrons
52
Which enzymes in the CAC are regulated?
* Isocitrate dehydrogenase | * alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
53
What is the rate-limiting step of the CAC?
There is no rate-limiting reaction of the CAC
54
What can the rate of the CAC be affected by?
* NAD+/NADH ratio * Regulated enzymes * Concentration of intermediates
55
What are the inhibitors of the CAC?
NADH and ATP
56
What are the activators of the CAC?
ADP and Ca2+

Biocheem (38 decks)

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