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SPEX202 > Lecture 30 > Flashcards

Lecture 30 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the mechanical functions of bones

A

structural framework

stable foundation for posture and movement

protection of important organs

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2
Q

what are the non mechanical functions of bones

A

reservoir for mineral deposition, blood regulation of calcium and phosphorus

supports haematopoiesis

defends against acidosis

absorbs / captures potentially toxic minerals

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3
Q

when does bone formation begin

A

prenatal = 5 weeks

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4
Q

what changes to bone occur in infancy + childhood + adolescence

A

mechanical stimulation of epiphyseal plates affects long bone growth

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5
Q

when does rapid bone growth occur and what is important that needs to happen

A

1-4 years, puberty

important that forces are applied against the bones

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6
Q

when does peak height velocity occur

A

~12.5 (males)

~13.5 (females)

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7
Q

what age do epiphyseal plates close

A

~25 years

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8
Q

what age is maximal bone mass

A

~30 years

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9
Q

what is osteopenia

A

components of bone fail to develop, loss of bone mineral density = weaker bones

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10
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

related to calcium and phosphate deficiencies

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11
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

decreased bone formation of new bone = brittle bones

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12
Q

what happens to the walls and width of bones as we age

A

walls become thinner and bones become a bit wider

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13
Q

what happens to the muscular system at ~5 weeks prenatal

A

myotubes formed

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14
Q

when are the first muscle fibres formed

A

~20 weeks

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15
Q

at birth what % of body mass is muscle

A

~25%

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16
Q

when do muscles mature but what does this mean

A

muscles mature in childhood, but this doesn’t mean they can behave physiologically like adult muscles can

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17
Q

at 10 years old muscle relaxation occurs, what does this mean

A

speed reaches adult levels, likely to improve contraction speed

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18
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass

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19
Q

in their 70s, what is the prevalence of men and women with sarcopenia

A

19% men and 34% women

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20
Q

in their 80s, what is the prevalence of men and women with sarcopenia

A

55% men and 52% women

21
Q

inside muscles, what changes in the elderly

A

change in muscle protein synthesis

change in contractile proteins

22
Q

at 16 the average male is stronger than what

A

stronger than a very strong female

23
Q

at the age of 30 what % muscle mass is lost per decade

A

5%

24
Q

what type of strength is maintained better in old age

A

eccentric strength is maintained better than concentric strength

25
Q

what is the saying of endurance as we age

A

use it or lose it

26
Q

what are 3 adaptations to central and peripheral nervous systems with age

A

neural plasticity

neuron cell death

response to injury

27
Q

what is neuroplasticity

A

ability of nervous system in particular the cortico-cerebellar system to change

28
Q

what is experience dependent plasticity

A

ability to reorganise its structure and function to sensory input, learning and environmental experiences

29
Q

what is experience expectant plasticity

A

given typically experience in daily activities we expect the brain will rewire its self accordingly

30
Q

why does neuron cell death occur

A

there is overproduction of neurons to ensure sufficient number to complete “wiring”, so some culled

31
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

32
Q

what is axon pruning

A

trimming of extraneous axon connections, occurs without damage to cells

33
Q

when does axon pruning peak

A

around puberty

34
Q

if there is an injury to the PNS can it regenerate

A

Yes

35
Q

if there is an injury to the CNS can it regenerate

A

no

36
Q

when is the inital formation of CNS - prenatal

A

~3 weeks

37
Q

when do motor nerve fibres occur- prenatal

A

~4 weeks

38
Q

when do synapse formations begin and myelination

A

~6-7 weeks

39
Q

at birth the brain is what fraction of their weight

A

1/4

40
Q

at 6 months the brain weight has what

A

doubled

41
Q

at 13 the brain is …

A

morphologically mature but not physically mature

42
Q

when is peak myelination

A

~50 years

43
Q

what are the reductions to the basal ganglia like with age

A

no significant reductions

44
Q

what does the vestibular sense provide

A

provides information about the bodies position relative to gravity

45
Q

most important sense

A

vision

46
Q

three forms of sensory intergration

A

intrasensory integration

intersensory integration

sensorimotor integration

47
Q

what is another word for proprioception

A

kinasethesis

48
Q

when does adult like depth perception occur

A

aged 12

SPEX202 (26 decks)

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