Lecture 19

Question 1

Bernstein

Answer 1

Control of movements (of a system with many degrees of freedom) is very complex because the result will depend on a number of uncontrollable factors.

Question 2

Gibson

Answer 2

Founder of Ecological Psychology: animals regulate their encounters with the environment by taking advantage of possibilities for effective action affordances.

Question 3

What do both Bernstein and Gibson stress:

Answer 3

They both stress the importance of perception in action

Question 4

Affordances

Answer 4

In any organisms environment there are features (objects, places, other organisms) that offer potential opportunities for behaviour

Question 5

Human can percieve these features as…… Hence affordances are specific to ……

Answer 5

affordances for action
Individuals (and their capabilities)

Question 6

When to blink and when to think

Answer 6

The world is full of affordances for action, we need to decide which ones to take.

Question 7

Sensitivity to action boundaries is paramount to

Answer 7

Accurate affordance selection (good decision making)

Question 8

Skilled decision makers

Answer 8

Tend to consider only small number of high quality options when time is limited

Question 9

As we move our environment reveals

Answer 9

Patterns / structures

Question 10

Energy flows generated by our movement can be

Answer 10

-Invariant (constant)
-Variant (changing)

Question 11

Tua: Optical Invariant

Answer 11

Tua provides information about the remaining Tc between the point of observation and an approaching object

Question 12

Movement context influences how we perceive information

Answer 12

Direct perception
Indirect perception

Question 13

Direct perception

Answer 13

If higher order variables can specify action

*through firsthand senses

Question 14

Indirect perception

Answer 14

If meanings / complex decisions are needed

*Interpreting sensory information by using your brain

Question 15

A large body of research demonstrates the close coupling between

Answer 15

perception and action

Question 16

Eye movement patterns in climbing

Answer 16

Climbers develop more economic visual search patterns with practice

• The overall number of exploratory fixations decreases, whilst performatory fixations remain relatively stable

Question 17

Memory

Answer 17

The ability to recall things, which allows us to benefit from experience

Question 18

Short term memory

Answer 18

stored for only 20-30 seconds unless rehearsed

Question 19

Working memory

Answer 19

-Temporarily stores recently presented material

-Retrieves information from long-term storage to influence current problem solving, decision making, and movement production

Question 20

Long terrm memory

Answer 20

Memories that are relatively permanent

Question 21

Information-processing model of memory

Answer 21

Sensory input-> Sensory memory -> Short term memory-> Long term memory

Question 22

Chunking and analogies

Answer 22

One way humans memorise information involving sequence is by Chunking bits together
‘Learn bits at a time’

Another approach is analogies of movement

Question 23

Both strategies chuncking and analogies help

Answer 23

Overcome limitations of working memory

Question 24

Through repetitive practice co-ordination can become

Answer 24

Through repetitive practice co-ordination can become ‘Locked’ in a particular pattern (attractor)

Question 25

How can we get the learner to be able to modify technique?

Answer 25

Explicit (conscious)
Implicit (sub-conscoius)

Question 26

Explicit (concious)

Answer 26

• Instructions
  -Demonstration
  -Feedback
  Manual Guidance

Question 27

Implicit (sub-concious)

Answer 27

-Manipulate constraints
-Dual task
-Analogy
-Errorless learning