Lecture 11 Flashcards
motor behaviour requires cooperation between what systems
nervous system
musculoskeletal system
what is the nervous system responsible for
orchestrating the plan of action
what is the musculoskeletal system responsible for
execution and ongoing control
motor control is not localised within the brain it is distributed throughout the ..
Central Nervous System
what are the 4 main systems involved in motor planning and execution and what are they involved in
limbic system: deciding to act
association cortex: response selection
projection system: scaling / fine tuning
spinal system: execution and feedback
what does the limbic system influence
the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system
what does the limbic system include
amygdala (emotional processing)
cingulate gyrus
parts of the hypothalamus
hippocampus (memory > motor learning)
Roles of the limbic system
Motivation, emotion, learning and memory
Response selection / developing a plan
- retrieving a motor program
-Short/ long term memory
-Implicit /explicit
what do association areas integrate in response selection
sensory and motor functions
what are association cortices near (example using auditory)
they are near primary sensory cortex of the same type
example : auditory association cortex = next to primary auditory cortex
what do association areas do
recognition of relevant inputs
make sense of input
integration of input into motor response
what are the appropriate parameters that selected when scaling / fine tuning the motor control programs
force
displacement
velocity
body segment
posture
muscle groups
parameter selection in fine tuning depends on information from input of what
environment
body
task
what is included in the projection system
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
cerebellum
what is included in the cerebral cortex
motor cortex
pre motor cortex
supplementary motor area
parietal cortex
what is included in the spinal system
brain stem
corticospinal tracts
spinal cords with central nerves
3 roles of the spinal system in motor control
carry information from CNS to neuromuscular system (efferent information)
carry information from periphery to CNS (afferent information)
information processing at the spinal level = spinal reflexes
is spinal cord and spinal column the same thing
no they are different
what is the spinal cord
bundle of nerves running from brain to muscles and sensors
what is the major function of the vertebral column
protection of the spinal cord
where are more than half of the neurons in the brain located
located in the cerebellum
what does the cerebellum have a significant role in
timing and motor learning
what does the cerebellum activate well in advance of and what does this indicate
well in advance of the EMG trace and indicates involvement with motor planning
damage to the cerebellum leads to hypotonia and ataxia and this means the person can have trouble with :
regulation of muscle tone = gait cycle and the heel to toe action
coordination = balance
timing
learning
what are the roles of the basal ganglia (3)
activation or retrieval of movement plans
scaling of movement parameters (velocity, amplitude, direction)
movement preparation
what are 4 characteristics of huntington’s disease
clumsiness
forgetfulness
uncontrollable ballistic movements
dementia
what are 5 characteristics of parkinson’s disease
dopamine deficit which is normally produced in the basal ganglia
shuffling gait
resting tremor
slow initiation of movements (akinesia)
resistance to tugging (rigidity)
the motor cortex is a …… rather than a planning centre
motor cortex is a trigger centre
signals in the motor cortex occur around …. before electrical activity in the muscles which shows …
around 50ms before electrical activity in the muscles
this shows NOT involved in planning, but execution
The motor cortex is apart of the what lobe
Fontal lobe
how are body areas represented in the motor cortex and what areas are larger
represented geographically, larger areas have more neurons which allows for more fine tuning of movements in those areas of the body (e.g eyes)
what does pre motor cortex control
proximal muscles : trunk and shoulders
where are anticipatory postural adjustments coordinated
in the pre motor cortex
what does anticipatory postural adjustments adapt and prepare
adapts the body position for movements
prepares postural muscle to stabilise for movements
what does SMA stand for
supplementary motor area
what is the supplementary motor area involved in
complex movements
when is the supplementary motor area activated
long before onset
what does the supplementary motor area do
high level of planning
production of complex movement sequences
in PET scans when is the SMA found to be active
active during movement and when imagining same movement
in PET scans when is the MC found to be active
only active when actually performing the movement
Parietal cortex
Association between sight and sound, movement and sensory consequence etc
what does damage to the parietal cortex cause
apraxia
spatial neglect
what is the brain stem the last stop before
last stop before the spinal cord
what are the two directions that the brain stem works in
transports signals from spinal cord to rest of the brain
transports motor commands from NS to motor neurons in spinal cord
