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SPEX202 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

motor behaviour requires cooperation between what systems

A

nervous system
musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

what is the nervous system responsible for

A

orchestrating the plan of action

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3
Q

what is the musculoskeletal system responsible for

A

execution and ongoing control

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4
Q

motor control is not localised within the brain it is distributed throughout the ..

A

Central Nervous System

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5
Q

what are the 4 main systems involved in motor planning and execution and what are they involved in

A

limbic system: deciding to act

association cortex: response selection

projection system: scaling / fine tuning

spinal system: execution and feedback

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6
Q

what does the limbic system influence

A

the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

what does the limbic system include

A

amygdala (emotional processing)

cingulate gyrus

parts of the hypothalamus

hippocampus (memory > motor learning)

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8
Q

Roles of the limbic system

A

Motivation, emotion, learning and memory

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9
Q

Response selection / developing a plan

A
  • retrieving a motor program
    -Short/ long term memory
    -Implicit /explicit
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10
Q

what do association areas integrate in response selection

A

sensory and motor functions

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11
Q

what are association cortices near (example using auditory)

A

they are near primary sensory cortex of the same type

example : auditory association cortex = next to primary auditory cortex

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12
Q

what do association areas do

A

recognition of relevant inputs

make sense of input

integration of input into motor response

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13
Q

what are the appropriate parameters that selected when scaling / fine tuning the motor control programs

A

force
displacement
velocity
body segment
posture
muscle groups

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14
Q

parameter selection in fine tuning depends on information from input of what

A

environment
body
task

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15
Q

what is included in the projection system

A

cerebral cortex

basal ganglia

cerebellum

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16
Q

what is included in the cerebral cortex

A

motor cortex

pre motor cortex

supplementary motor area

parietal cortex

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17
Q

what is included in the spinal system

A

brain stem

corticospinal tracts

spinal cords with central nerves

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18
Q

3 roles of the spinal system in motor control

A

carry information from CNS to neuromuscular system (efferent information)

carry information from periphery to CNS (afferent information)

information processing at the spinal level = spinal reflexes

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19
Q

is spinal cord and spinal column the same thing

A

no they are different

20
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

bundle of nerves running from brain to muscles and sensors

21
Q

what is the major function of the vertebral column

A

protection of the spinal cord

22
Q

where are more than half of the neurons in the brain located

A

located in the cerebellum

23
Q

what does the cerebellum have a significant role in

A

timing and motor learning

24
Q

what does the cerebellum activate well in advance of and what does this indicate

A

well in advance of the EMG trace and indicates involvement with motor planning

25
Q

damage to the cerebellum leads to hypotonia and ataxia and this means the person can have trouble with :

A

regulation of muscle tone = gait cycle and the heel to toe action

coordination = balance

timing

learning

26
Q

what are the roles of the basal ganglia (3)

A

activation or retrieval of movement plans

scaling of movement parameters (velocity, amplitude, direction)

movement preparation

27
Q

what are 4 characteristics of huntington’s disease

A

clumsiness

forgetfulness

uncontrollable ballistic movements

dementia

28
Q

what are 5 characteristics of parkinson’s disease

A

dopamine deficit which is normally produced in the basal ganglia

shuffling gait

resting tremor

slow initiation of movements (akinesia)

resistance to tugging (rigidity)

29
Q

the motor cortex is a …… rather than a planning centre

A

motor cortex is a trigger centre

30
Q

signals in the motor cortex occur around …. before electrical activity in the muscles which shows …

A

around 50ms before electrical activity in the muscles

this shows NOT involved in planning, but execution

31
Q

The motor cortex is apart of the what lobe

A

Fontal lobe

32
Q

how are body areas represented in the motor cortex and what areas are larger

A

represented geographically, larger areas have more neurons which allows for more fine tuning of movements in those areas of the body (e.g eyes)

33
Q

what does pre motor cortex control

A

proximal muscles : trunk and shoulders

34
Q

where are anticipatory postural adjustments coordinated

A

in the pre motor cortex

35
Q

what does anticipatory postural adjustments adapt and prepare

A

adapts the body position for movements

prepares postural muscle to stabilise for movements

36
Q

what does SMA stand for

A

supplementary motor area

37
Q

what is the supplementary motor area involved in

A

complex movements

38
Q

when is the supplementary motor area activated

A

long before onset

39
Q

what does the supplementary motor area do

A

high level of planning

production of complex movement sequences

40
Q

in PET scans when is the SMA found to be active

A

active during movement and when imagining same movement

41
Q

in PET scans when is the MC found to be active

A

only active when actually performing the movement

42
Q

Parietal cortex

A

Association between sight and sound, movement and sensory consequence etc

43
Q

what does damage to the parietal cortex cause

A

apraxia
spatial neglect

44
Q

what is the brain stem the last stop before

A

last stop before the spinal cord

45
Q

what are the two directions that the brain stem works in

A

transports signals from spinal cord to rest of the brain

transports motor commands from NS to motor neurons in spinal cord

SPEX202 (26 decks)

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